Genesis of ‘ukku’: Insights from megalithic ferrous metallurgy, high-tin bronzes and
crafts
‘Wootz’ is known to be an anglicised version of ‘ukku’, the word for steel in south India. The term ‘ukku’ may
derive from ‘uruku’, used to describe fused or melted metal in Tamil Sangam literature dated broadly from about
the 5th century BC to 5th century AD, while accounts of the Greek Zosimos of the early Christian era suggests that
the Indians used crucible processes to make metal for swords, i.e. steel. Pliny’s ‘Natural History’ talks of iron from
the Seres which may refer to the ancient south Indian kingdom of the Cheras who are referred to in Sangam
texts. While Thelma Lowe, most of all, and others have made crucial studies on the mechanisms of late medieval
Deccani wootz production, there still remains much to be investigated and clearly established concerning the
antiquity of wootz steel in India and on the identification of ancient artefacts of wootz. It is significant that there
are a couple of analyses reported in early excavation reports from some megalithic sites in southern India of iron
artefacts with 1-2% carbon (for eg. two javelins from megalithic Andhra Pradesh mentioned in Sundara 1999);
however further investigations with micro-structural evidence may be required to ascertain if these can be taken
as conclusive evidence for wootz steel. Investigations by the author on a crucible fragment from the megalithic
site of Kodumanal (3rd century BC) excavated by K. Rajan, Tamil University, found in an iron smelting hearth
showed it to be iron-rich without any other significant metal, which did not rule out the fact that it could belong to
some kind of ferrous process although as yet no clear evidence of metallic remnants could be found in the crucible
(Srinivasan and Griffiths 1997).
Significantly, the author has identified from surface surveys three previously unknown sites for crucible steel
production in southern India (ibid.). Crucibles from one of these sites, Mel-siruvalur in Tamil Nadu shows clear
evidence for the production of a hyper-eutectoid (1.3% C) steel, i.e. a high-carbon steel, probably even by molten
carburisation processes at high-temperatures (Srinivasan 1994, Srinivasan and Griffiths 1997). More significantly,
the site shows signs of megalithic occupation in the vicinity as independently verified by Sasisekaran (2002) while
the author found numerous remains of what appeared to be legs of megalithic sarcophagi in a dried up canal near
the dump. (The megalithic period in southern India ranges in different places from the early 1st millennium BC to
early centuries AD). This site is being further investigated by the author. Other aspects of megalithic iron
production to be touched upon include the iron smelting furnace excavated at Naikund, from the Vidharbha
megaliths of Maharashtra.
As background, this chapter would also briefly explore whether there are technological parameters within the
context of peninsular megaliths which could have supported more advanced metallurgical skills. Previously the
Indian subcontinent had not been associated with a more sophisticated bronze working tradition. However,
metallurgical investigations by the author established for the first time the use of specialized alloys known as hightin
beta bronzes (which are quenched binary copper-tin alloys bronzes of around 23% tin) to make vessels going
back at least to the iron age burials megaliths of the early first millennium BC of the Indian subcontinent which
rank amongst the early such alloys known in the world, and which are still made in parts of India such as Kerala
by similar processes as reported in Srinivasan (1994b, 1997, 1998a) and in papers written by the author with Ian
Glover while at Institute of Archaeology, London (Srinivasan and Glover 1995, 1997). High-tin beta bronzes
generally do not seem to have been in vogue in Europe, and indeed the Greek Nearchus (4th century BC) mentions
that Indians used golden vessels which shattered when dropped which may be interpreted as high-tin bronze, as
suggested by Rajpitak and Seeley (1979). What is significant is that the processes of quenching high-tin bronze
indicates a general familiarity with heat treatment processes in the megalithic period that could have extended to
the knowledge of iron and steel metallurgy. Other evidence for skilled metallurgical activity comes from evidence
suggesting that the deepest old gold mine in the world comes from Hutti in Karnataka with carbon dates from
timber collected from a depth of about 600 feet from a mine going back to the mid 1st millennium BC
(Radhakrishna and Curtis 1991).
Tuesday, July 22, 2008
Founds
The word from pandeyhimadri's Blog...
The crucible process could have originated in south India and the finest steel was from the land of Cheras, said K. Rajan, associate professor of archaeology at Tamil University, Thanjavur, who explored a 1st century AD trade centre at Kodumanal near Coimbatore. Rajan's excavations revealed an industrial economy at Kodumanal. Pillar of strength The rustless wonder called the Iron Pillar near the Qutb Minar at Mehrauli in Delhi did not attract the attention of scientists till the second quarter of the 19th century. The inscription refers to a ruler named Chandra, who had conquered the Vangas and Vahlikas, and the breeze of whose valour still perfumed the southern ocean. "The king who answers the description is none but Samudragupta, the real founder of the Gupta empire," said Prof. T.R. Anantharaman, who has authored The Rustless Wonder. Zinc metallurgy travelled from India to China and from there to Europe. As late as 1735, professional chemists in Europe believed that zinc could not be reduced to metal except in the presence of copper. The alchemical texts of the mediaeval period show that the tradition was live in India. In 1738, William Champion established the Bristol process to produce metallic zinc in commercial quantities and got a patent for it. Interestingly, the mediaeval alchemical text Rasaratnasamucchaya describes the same process, down to adding 1.5 per cent common salt to the ore.
The Word Which i found from PonDheepankar blogger:
Kodumanal (world's only gold jewellery embedding centre of those days),
Kundadam (metal works),
Karur (Chera Vanji) (coin mints, anklets, Greco-Roman trade posts, etc..,),
Salem: (first steel workshops whose products were found in the Egyptian pyramids),
lack of necessary exploration stalls efforts to find many other places.
(I am myself taking efforts on my own expenditure and time to explore these fields).
I must tell about him too. He is the guy who is so curious about "Kongu Vellalar".Also he is collecting lots of sources of the community and published into his blogger.
blogger: http://konguvellalagounderhistory.blogspot.com/2007/09/kongu-vellala-gounder-history.html
The crucible process could have originated in south India and the finest steel was from the land of Cheras, said K. Rajan, associate professor of archaeology at Tamil University, Thanjavur, who explored a 1st century AD trade centre at Kodumanal near Coimbatore. Rajan's excavations revealed an industrial economy at Kodumanal. Pillar of strength The rustless wonder called the Iron Pillar near the Qutb Minar at Mehrauli in Delhi did not attract the attention of scientists till the second quarter of the 19th century. The inscription refers to a ruler named Chandra, who had conquered the Vangas and Vahlikas, and the breeze of whose valour still perfumed the southern ocean. "The king who answers the description is none but Samudragupta, the real founder of the Gupta empire," said Prof. T.R. Anantharaman, who has authored The Rustless Wonder. Zinc metallurgy travelled from India to China and from there to Europe. As late as 1735, professional chemists in Europe believed that zinc could not be reduced to metal except in the presence of copper. The alchemical texts of the mediaeval period show that the tradition was live in India. In 1738, William Champion established the Bristol process to produce metallic zinc in commercial quantities and got a patent for it. Interestingly, the mediaeval alchemical text Rasaratnasamucchaya describes the same process, down to adding 1.5 per cent common salt to the ore.
The Word Which i found from PonDheepankar blogger:
Kodumanal (world's only gold jewellery embedding centre of those days),
Kundadam (metal works),
Karur (Chera Vanji) (coin mints, anklets, Greco-Roman trade posts, etc..,),
Salem: (first steel workshops whose products were found in the Egyptian pyramids),
lack of necessary exploration stalls efforts to find many other places.
(I am myself taking efforts on my own expenditure and time to explore these fields).
I must tell about him too. He is the guy who is so curious about "Kongu Vellalar".Also he is collecting lots of sources of the community and published into his blogger.
blogger: http://konguvellalagounderhistory.blogspot.com/2007/09/kongu-vellala-gounder-history.html
Iron making Technology-Kodumanal Swords
Kodumanal Swords
I dont understand what is kodumanal swords. Somehow the term is alive.
One korean has written in his blogger. I am wondering , how does this happne?
One thing is damn sure that, the kodumanal has done lot of thigs earlier days which we haven't digged it still..
Iron making Technology:
Production of pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron in ancient India. Delhi and Dhar iron pillar, forge welding, lamination, paint coating for preventing rusting. Making of swords, the Banaras and Kodumanal swords, carburization in iron instruments used in agriculture and surgery. Rust free preservation techniques adopted for iron, woortz steel. Large scale production of iron alloys, export of iron to European and Middle East countries etc.
Sources From:http://j2k.naver.com/j2k_frame.php/japan/anuraglall.blogspot.com/
I dont understand what is kodumanal swords. Somehow the term is alive.
One korean has written in his blogger. I am wondering , how does this happne?
One thing is damn sure that, the kodumanal has done lot of thigs earlier days which we haven't digged it still..
Iron making Technology:
Production of pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron in ancient India. Delhi and Dhar iron pillar, forge welding, lamination, paint coating for preventing rusting. Making of swords, the Banaras and Kodumanal swords, carburization in iron instruments used in agriculture and surgery. Rust free preservation techniques adopted for iron, woortz steel. Large scale production of iron alloys, export of iron to European and Middle East countries etc.
Sources From:http://j2k.naver.com/j2k_frame.php/japan/anuraglall.blogspot.com/
Sunday, July 20, 2008
SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL STUDIES
SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL STUDIES
The School of Historical Studies consists of Department of Indian History and Department of Ancient History and Archaeology.
The University of Madras created the department of Indian History and Archaeology as the first faculty of the University in 1914 and it was headed successively by eminent historians like Dr.S.Krishnaswamy Iyengar, Prof.K.A.Nilakanta Sastry, Prof.K.K.Pillay and others. The department was bifurcated into departments of Indian History and Ancient History and Archaeology in 1959. Dr.T.V.Mahalingam was the first Professor of Ancient History and Archaeology, a renowned Archaeologist and Epigraphist.
The Department of Ancient History and Archaeology has special interests in Epigraphy and Numismatics, Tamil Culture and Applied Archaeology. It offers Masters and . programmes.
The Department of Indian History specializes on Economic History and Urban Studies. It offers Masters, M.Phil and . programmes.
Faculty
Dr.A.Ekambaranathan, Ph.D. - Chairperson
Ancient History and Archaeology
A. Ekambaranathan, Ph.D. - Professor and Head
P.D. Balaji, Ph.D. - Lecturer
P.Jeyakumar, Ph.D. - Lecturer
J.Soundararajan, Ph.d. - Lecturer
Indian History
G. Venkataraman, Ph.D. - Professor and Head
S. Kuppusamy, Ph.D. - Lecturer
S.S.Sundaram - Lecturer
M.A. ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
M.A. ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
(Choice Based Credit System)
COURSE CONTENTS (REVISED) FROM 2007-2008
Eligibility for Admission
A candidate who has passed any Bachelor’s Degree Examination of this University or an examination of other Universities accepted by the Syndicate as equivalent thereto.
Semester No Course title Credit C/E/S Faculty
I HIS C
001 History of South India up to A.D. 1565 . 4 C P.Jayakumar
HIS C
002 Pre and Proto history of India 4 C P.D.Balaji
HIS C
003 Principles and practices of Tourism 4 C J. Soundararajan
HIS E
001 Indian Paintings 3 E A.Ekambaranathan
HIS E
002 Archaeological Studies in India 3 E J. Soundararajan
HIS E
003 Introduction to Archaeology 3 E P.D.Balaji
UOM S 001 Soft Skill * 2 S Campus level teaching
II HIS C
004 History of North India up to A.D. 1206 4 C P.Jayakumar
HIS C
005 Indian Temple Architecture 4 C A.Ekambaranathan
HIS C
006 Field work and Exploration 4 C All Faculty
HIS E
004 Early Historical Archaeology of Tamil Nadu. 3 E P.D.Balaji
HIS E
005 An Introduction to the Cultural History of Tamil Nadu. 3 E J.Soundararajan
UOM S 002 Soft Skill * 2 S Campus level teaching
III HIS C
007 Indian Epigraphy and Palaeography 4 C P.Jayakumar
HIS C
008 Indian Numismatics 4 C J.Soundararajan
HIS C
009 Tourism in India 4 C P.D.Balaji
HIS C
010 Iconography 4 C A.Ekambaranathan
HIS E
006 Marine Archaeology 3 E P.Jayakumar
HIS E
007 Cultural History of Tamil Nadu up to A.D. 1565 3 E A.Ekambaranathan
HIS E
008 Epigraphical Studies in India 3 E P.Jayakumar
HIS E
009 South Indian Coins 3 E J.Soundararajan
UOM S 003 Soft Skill * 2 S Campus level teaching
UOM I 001 Internship ** 2 S
IV HIS C
011 Principles and Methods of Archaeology 4 C A.Ekambaranathan
HIS C
012 Museology 4 C P.D.Balaji
HIS C
013 Cultural Tourism in India 4 C J.Soundararajan
HIS C
014 Excavation and Report 8 C All Faculty
HIS E
010 Science and Archaeology 3 E P.Jayakumar
HIS E
011 Archaeological Conservation 3 E P.D.Balaji
HIS E
012 History of Architecture in Tamil Nadu 3 E A.Ekambaranathan
HIS E
013 South Indian Sculpture 3 E J.Soundararajan
UOM S 004 Soft Skill * 2 S Campus level teaching
* Exact title will be decided at campus level
** Exact title will be decided by the Department
COURSE CONTENTS
HIS C
001 HISTORY OF SOUTH INDIA UP TO A.D. 1565 C 3 1 0 4 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective
A comprehensive study of political, social and cultural history of South India from 3rd century B.C. to A.D. 1565. The political achievements of the Sangam dynasties, Pallavas, Pandyas and Cholas in Tamil Nadu are highlighted. The achievements of the Deccan kingdoms like the Satavahanas, the Chalukyas Rashtrakutas are also studied. The various feudatory dynasties and their role in the political and social evolution in South India are also highlighted. The growth of the State in South India, and the economy are included.
UNIT 1: Sources - Archaeological, literary and epigraphical – Pre Sangam age - Sangam Age: kingdoms of the Sangam period - Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas; Satavahanas: political and cultural achievements.
UNIT 2: Pallavas and Pandyas: Political and Social history; Western Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas – Feudatories: Velir, Banas, Vaidumbas, Paluvettariayars, Nolambas.
UNIT 3: The Cholas: political, social and economic achievements; Later Pandya rule – Kadavarayas, Telugu Chodas – Muslim invasions.
UNIT 4: Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas, Eastern Chalukyas, Kakatiyas; political and social conditions – relations with Tamil country.
UNIT 5: Establishement of Vijayanagara rule in South India – achievements - Changes in politico social conditions; Bahmini Sultanate – Developments in Deccan and social conditions.
Books For Reference:
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A., A History of South India: From the Earliest times to Vijayanagar, Oxford, 1958.
Mahalingam, T.V., South Indian Polity, University of Madras, Chennai, 1967
Subramaniam, N., Sangam Polity
Subramaniam, N., Chopra, P.M. and Ravindran, T.K., History of South India
Burton Stein (ed), Essays of South India.
Burton Stein, Peasant State and Society in South India, Oxford, .
Nilakantasastri, K.A., The Colas, University of Madras, Chennai, 1975.
Yazdani, G., Early History of the Deccan.
Alteker, A.S., Rastrakutas and their times.
Mahalingam, T.V., Kanchipuram in Early Indian History, Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1969.
Mahalingam, T.V., South Indian Polity, University of Madras, Chennai, 1955.
Minakshi, C., Administration and Social life under the Pallavas, University of Madras, Chennai, .
Krishnaswamy, A., Topics in South Indian History.
Mahalingam, T.V., Administration and Soical Life Under Vijayanagar, University of Madras, Chennai,
Nilakanta Sastry, K.A., The Pandyan Kingdom, Swathi Publications, Chennai, 1982.
Nilakanta Sastry, K.A., Foreign Notices of South India from Megasthenese to Ma Huan, University of Madras, Chennai, 2000,
Bhandarkar, R.G., Vaishanavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems,
Noboru Karashima, History and Society in South India: The Cholas to Vijayanagar, Oxford, 2001.
Hall, Kenneth R., Trade and Statecraft in the Age of the Colas, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 1980.
Champakalakshmi, R., Trade, Ideology and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, Oxford, 1996.
Shanmugam, P., Revenue Sysem under the Cholas, New Era Publications, Chennai,
Subbarayalu, Y., Political Geography of the Chola Country, Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 1977.
Subbarayaly, Y., Studies in Cola History, Surabi Pathippakam, Chennai, 2001.
Govindasawmy, M.S., The Role of Feudatories in Later Chola History, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 1979.
Balambal, V., Feudatories in South India,
Dinakaran, A.J., The Second Pandyan Empire, 1190-1312, Madurai, 1987.
Sethuraman, N., The Imperial Pandyas, Kumbakonam, 1978.
Raman, K.V., Pandiyar Varalaru, Tamilnadu Text Book Society, Chennai,
Abraham, Meera., Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India, Manohar, New Delhi, 1988.
Appadorai, A., Economic Conditions in Southern India, University of Madras, Chennai, 1936.
Swaminathan, S., The Early Cholas: History, Art and Culture, Sharada Publishing House, Delhi, 1998.
Himanshu P. Ray, The Winds of Change: Buddhism and the Maritime Links of Early South Asia, Oxford, 1994.
Himanshu P. Ray, Monastery and Guild: Commerce under the Satavahanas, Oxford, 1986.
Romila Thapar, Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1998.
Ramendra Nath Nandi, State Formation, Agrarian Growth and Social Change in Feudal South India, c. AD. 600-1200, Manohar, 2000.
Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
HIS C
002 PRE AND PROTO HISTORY OF INDIA C 3 1 0 4 P.D.Balaji
Course Objective
A detailed study of the earliest cultures of India till the dawn of history. Study is based on various archaeological sources and their interpretation. The origin and evolution of man and his habitat and the making of stone tools, techniques, distribution, and cultural background of the stone age peoples from the old stone age to the iron ages in India are included.
UNIT 1: Definition and scope of pre and proto history – sources - stone tools, bones and fossils-interpretation - importance to pre proto history – geology – glacial periods
UNIT 2: Palaeolithic age – River Terraces- Lower Palaeolithic – Middle Palaeolithic – Upper Palaeolithic - distribution and tool types and techniques;. Life of the palaeolithic people -Mesolithic age - distribution and tool types and techniques - life of the mesolithic people
UNIT 3: Neolithic age - origin and evolution - Tools and techniques - Eastern, northern and southern Neolithic cultures - distribution and tools - pottery - life and economy.
UNIT 4: Chalcolithic culture of India - Distribution- pottery and artefacts- The Banas culture – Jorwe culture – Malwa culture – Ahar culture - Harappan culture in north west India: Harappa, Mohenjadaro, Kalibangan, Lothal- Daimabad, - Dolavira – Evolution of town ships
UNIT 5: The Iron age cultures - Painted Grey ware culture in the Ganga-Yamuna valley - Northern Black Polished ware culture-life and economy - Megalithic culture in Deccan and south India - distribution - Burial types, Chamber tombs, Dolmens, Cists etc.; Brahmagiri, Sanur, Amirthamangalam, Adichhcnallur - Grave goods - Pottery - life and economy – Field study
Books For Reference:
Wheeler, R.E.M., Early India and Pakistan, Thames and Hudson, London, 1959.
Sankalia, H.D.,Pre History and Proto History of India and Pakistan, Deccan College, Poona, 1974.
Jain, K.C., Pre History and Proto History of India, Agam Kala Prakhasan, New Delhi, 1979.
Sali, S.M., Stone Age in India, Shankar Publihsers, Aurangabad, 1990.
Leakey, L.S.B.,, Adam's Ancestors, Haroer and Row, New York, 1960.
Oakely, K.P., Man the Tool Maker, The Trustees of the British Musuem, London, 1963.
Sankalia, H.D., Stone Age Tools (Their Techniques, Names and probably functions), Deccan College, Poona, 1964.
The Trustees of the British Museum, Flint Implements : An Account of Stone Age Techniques and Cultures.
Burkitt, M.C., The Old Stone Age: A Study of Palaeolithic Times, Rupa & co., Calcutta, 1963.
Vidula Jayaswal, Palaeohistory of India, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, 1978.
Corol, D.H., Prehistoric Background of Indian Culture.
Agarwal, D.P. and Kharakwal, J.S., South Asian Prehistory, Aryan Books International, New Delhi, 2002.
Irfan Habib, Prehistory, People's History of India, Aligar Historians Society, New Delhi, 2001.
Allchin, Bridget and Raymond., The Birth of Indian Civiliza¬tion,Penguin Books, Hamondsworth, Middlesex, 1968.
Wheeler, R.E.M., Indus Civilization, cambridge University Press, 1953.
Vibha Tripathy, The Painted Grey Ware and Iron Age Culture of North India, Concept Publishing company, Delhi, 1976.
Deo, S.B., Recent Researches in the Chalcolithic and Mega¬lithic Culture of the Deccan, University of Madras, Chennai, .
Narasimhiah, B., Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures in Tamil Nadu, Sundeep Prakashan, Delhi, 1980.
Banerjee, N.R., The Iron Age in India.
Gururaja Rao, B.K., Megalithic Cultures in South India.
Gurumurthy, S., Ceramic Traditions in South India, University of Madras, Chennai, 1981.
Ramachandran, K.S., Archaeology of South India, Tamilnadu, Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi, 1980.
Allchin., The Neolithic Cattle-keepers of South India, Cambridge University Press, 1963.
HIS C
003 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES IN TOURISM C 3 1 0 4 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
The course deals with the scope of tourism and its various practices adopted in the industry. The basic principles and various methods and practices followed in tourism are dealth with in detail.
UNIT 1: Nature and scope of tourism – definition – elements of tourism – principles of tourism –
dimensions of tourisms
UNIT 2: Types of tourism – role of central and state government – national organizations –
international organizations – IUOTO, WTO, PATA, ATA, ICAO
UNIT 3: Tourism marketing – concept, products and markets – market segmentation – marketing
processes and functions – marketing mix
UNIT 4: Tourism promotion – advertising – publicity - public relations – travel literature –
Tourist Resorts – key factors to resort development – attraction of resort – other aspect of
accommodation management
UNIT 5: Tourism as an industry – tourism and economy – foreign exchequer – laws pertaining to
tourism
Books For Reference:
Bhatia, A.K., Tourism Development Principles and Practices
Bijender, K., Tourism Management: Problems and Prospects
Burkart, A. and Medliks, S., Tourism Past, Present and Future
Sinha, P.C. (ed)., International Encyclopedia of Tourism Management (12 volumes)
Kotler, P., Marketing Management, New Delhi, 2001
Rictchie, J.R. Brent , Travel Tourism and Hospitality Research, New York
HIS E
001 INDIAN PAINTINGS E 2 1 0 3 A.Ekambaranathan
Course Objective:
To study the rich heritage of Indian Paintings. To know about the historical development of Indian painting styles from the earliest times to A.D. 1600. Studies the regional and dynastic contribution to the art of painting, reflection of society and its impact on painting.
UNIT 1: Origin and development of painting in India : Early paintings - paintings of different materials – early references to paintings in literature.
UNIT 2: Pre Mauryan Paintings – Mauryan and Pre Gupta paintings; Paintings in South India – Sangam and Satavahana paintings.
UNIT 3: Vakataka paintings – Ajanta; Pallava and Pandya Paintings – Kanchipuram and Sittannavasal.
UNIT 4: Chola paintings- Brihadiswara temple; Rashtrakuta and Hoysala paintings.
UNIT 5: Vijayanagara Paintings – Lepakshi, Hampi and Srirangam. Nayak paintings – Maratta, Rajaput and Mughal paintings.
Books For Reference:
Sivaramamurthi,C., Indian Painting New Delhi, 1970
Sivaramamurthi,C., South Indian Painting, New Delhi, 1968
Mehta, N.C.Studies in Indian Painting, Bombay, 1926.
Archaeological Survey of India, Ajanta, New Delhi, 1980.
Ganguly, O.C., Chola Painting, London, 1935.
Brown, Percy, Indian Painting, Heritage of India Series, Calcutta, 1932.
Ramachandran, T.N., Tirupparuttikkunram and its Temples, Bulletin of Madras Government Museum, Chennai, 1930.
Sivaramamurthy,. C., Vijayanagara Paintings, New Delhi, 1987.
HIS E
002 ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN INDIA E 2 1 0 3 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective :
A historical study of the growth of archaeological research in the Indian Sub-continent. Early archaeological discoveries-formation of the Asiatic society of India - Establishment of the Archaeological Survey of India and its functions and studied. The nature of conservation and the antiquarian laws relating to monuments are studied. Recent developments in the various branches of archaeological studies are given importance.
UNIT 1: Early attempts of discoveries and studies-Foreign and Indian scholar’s contributions – Schilimann, Pitts Rivers. Development of Indian Archaeology – Archaeological Survey of India – its functions.
UNIT 2: Types of Archaeology – Ethno archaeology, Biblical archaeology, Salvage Archaeology; Useful sciences – Biological, Physical and Chemical sciences, other sciences.
UNIT 3: Archaeological Exploration: methods; Excavation: technique, materials, staff; stratigraphy and documentation; preparation of excavation report.
UNIT 4: Archaeological Conservation – basic methods of conservation: organic and inorganic objects; – Archaeological Museums - Central, State and Private museums-their functions.
UNIT 5: Education and research - recent developments – New Archaeology; Under water Archaeology, Remote sensing.
Books For Reference:
Sourindranath Roy, The Story of Indian Archaeology:1784-1947.
Chakrabarti, D. K., History of Indian Archaeology.
Shrimali, K.M. (ed.) Indian Archaeology Since Independence.
Sankalia, H.D., Indian Archaeology Today, Delhi, 1979.
Raman, K.V., Principles and Methods of Archaeology, Chennai, 1984.
Wheeler, R.E.M. Archaeology from the Earth, London, 1954.
Kenyon, K.M., Beginning in Archaeology, New York, 1961.
Ancient India , Vols. 1 -22 , Publications of the Archaeological Survey of India, Relevant portions.
Cultural Forum (pub), Hundred years of Indian Archaeology, New Delhi, 1961
Lenord Wooley, Digging up the past, London, 1954
Robert, H. Brill (ed), Science and Archaeology, London 1971
Zeuner, F.E., Dating the Past, London, 1958.
Graham Clark, Sir Mortimer Wheeler and Indian Archaeology.
HIS E
003 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY E 2 I 0 3 P.D.Balaji
Course Objective
An introductory course on various aspects of Archaeology. Deals with the importance of archaeological studies, its relationship with other sciences. The several branches of archaeology like ethno archaeology and salvage archaeology are introduced. Aspects of archaeological field-work and excavation techniques are also introduced – Epigraphic-Numismatic-monuments-sculptural aspects are studied. Recent developments in Archaeology.
UNIT 1: Scope – Importance of Archaeology - Types of archaeology: Ethno archaeology, Salvage archaeology; Relation with other sciences - Biological, Chemical, Physical and other sciences.
UNIT 2: History of Archaeology in India- Archaeological Survey of India, state and Universities in archaeological studies.
UNIT 3: Exploration of ancient Sites: methods and techniques; Excavation: equipment and Staff, methods of excavation, documentations. Archaeological conservation: chemical and Physical; Conservation of Monuments: techniques.
UNIT 4: Other branches of Archaeology: Pre and protohistoric Archaeology, Epigraphy, Numismatics, Art and Architecture and Sculpture.
UNIT 5: Recent developments in Archaeology: New Archaeology: concepts, Underwater archaeology, Remote Sensing, computer methods.
Books For Reference:
Sourindranath Roy, the Story of Indian Archaeology:1784-1947.
Chakrabarti, D. K., History of Indian Archaeology.
Shrimali, K.M. (ed.) Indian Archaeology Since Independence.
Sankalia, H.D., Indian Archaeology Today, Delhi, 1979.
Raman, K.V., Principles and Methods of Archaeology, Chennai, 1984.
Wheeler, R.E.M. Archaeology from the Earth, London, 1954.
Kenyon, K.M., Beginning in Archaeology, New York, 1961.
UOM S
001 SOFT SKILL * S 2 Campus level teaching
HIS C
004 HISTORY OF NORTH INDIA UP TO A.D. 1206 C 3 1 0 4 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective
A survey of political, social and economic condition of India from the Vedic age to the establishment of Delhi Sultanate. It enables the students to understand the different cultural developments and changes that had taken place during Vedic age, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas, Harsha, Rajputs and Delhi Sultanate. And it also focused on the assimilation of various foreign cultures in India from the earliest times.
UNIT 1: Sources – Vedic culture – economic,social organization and religion – Jainism, Buddhism – Rise of Maghadha – Persian, Greek invasions.
UNIT 2: Mauryan empire: Administration; Post Mauryan period - society, economy, culture and religion – Sungas and their Contributions - Indo Greek kingdoms - cultural fusion.
UNIT 3: Rise of the Gupta empire – administration – social and economic condition – Gupta literature, developments in science; Invasion of Huns and decline of the Guptas; Vakatakas and their contribution –
UNIT 4: Pushyabhutis- Harsha – Arab conquest of Sind – Cultural and literary contributions - foreign contacts.
UNIT 5: Rise of Kanuaj - Rule of the Palas, Chandellas, Prathiharas, Chauahans ane Paramaras: their contribution to Indian culture : Md.Gazni – Md. Ghori – its impact on Indian culture - Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.
Books For Reference:
Altekar, A.S..State and Government in Ancient India
Bhasyam, A.L The Wonders that was India
Devahutti, D. Harsha
Elliot and Dawson, History of India as told by Historians
Habib and Nizami, Comprehensive History of India
Nilakantasastri, K.A. The Age of Nandas and Mauryas
Romila Thapar, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, Oxford, 1973.
Romila Thapar, Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1998.
Romila Thapar, From Lineage to State (Social Formations in the Middle First Millennium B.C. in the Ganga Valley ), Oxford, 1984.
Jain, V.K., Trade and Traders in Western India (A.D. 1000 - 1300), Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1990.
Jha, D. N., Revenue System in Post-Maurya and Gupta Times, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, 1967.
Jha, D.N., Studies in Early Indian Economic History, Anupama Publications, New Delhi, 1980.
Kosambi, D. D., An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Popular Book Depot, Bombay, 1956.
Sharma, R.S., Indian Feudalism c. A.D. 300 – 1200, Macmillan India Ltd., 1980.
Sharma, R.S., Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India, Macmillan India Ltd., 1983.
Raychaudhari, H.C., Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta, 1972.
Ranabir Chakravarti, Trade and Traders in Early Indian Society, Manohar, New Delhi, 2002.
HIS C
005 INDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE C 3 1 0 4 A. Ekambaranathan
Course Objective
The course deals with the origin and development of Temple Art, Architecture and sculptural art from the earliest times to the medieval period. The various temple architectural and sculptural styles are studied with a historical background.
UNIT 1: Origin and development of temple architecture – its absence in Indus and Vedic periods – Mauryan rock – cut temples and colums – Sunga and Kushana architecture vestiges
UNIT 2: Early art and Architectural development in South India – Satavahana’s contribution – Rock cut and structural – experimentation of temple style under the Gupta – Nagara style
UNIT 3: Development of temple architecture under the Pallavas and Early Pandyas – their stylistical features – visits to some monuments
UNIT 4: Rock-cut and structural temples of the Badami Chalukyas and Rastrakutas – Orissan School of Architecture
UNIT 5: Culmination of Dravida style – contribution of the Imperial Cholas – Visits to some temples – Vijayanagara temple architecture - gopura
Books For Reference:
Edith Tomory, A History of Fine Arts in India and the West, Chennai, 1977
Saraswati, S.K., Survey of Indian Sculpture, Calcutta, 1951
Sivaramamurthi, C., Indian Sculpture, Bombay, 1961
Vincent Smith, History of Fine Arts in India and Ceylon, Bombay, 1962
Krishnadeva, H, Temples of North India, New Delhi, 1977.
Miechael W.Meister, Dhaky, M.A., Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple architecture, Vol.I & II. 1988.
Srinivasan, K.R., Temples of South India, New Delhi, 1998
Percy Brown, Indian Architecture.
Roy C. Craven, Indian Art.
Sivaramamurthy, C., Amaravthi Sculptures, Government Museum, Chennai, 1977.
Srinivasan, K.R., Cave Temples of the Pallavas, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1981.
Jonna Gottfried, Williams, The Art of Gupta India, New Delhi, 1983.
Ganguli, O.C., Andhra Sculptures, Hyderabad, 1994.
Soundara Rajan, K.V., Cave Temples of Deccan, Archaeological Survey of Indian, 1981.
Balasubramaniyan, S.R., Early Chola Temples, Orient Longman, 1971
Balasubramaniyan, S.R., Middle Chola Temples, Thomson Press India Ltd., 1975
Balasubramaniyan, S.R., Later Chola Temples, Mudgala Trust, 1979
HIS C
006 FIELD WORK AND EXPLORATION C 1 1 2 4 All Faculty
Course Objective
A fieldwork relating to archaeological exploration. The students have to undertake explorations and field work in any number of sites furnished infra and a detailed report on following aspect.
1. Archaeology of any of the two sites visited
1. Atti¬rampakkam, 2.Gudiyam, 3. Nambakkam, 4. Sanur, 5. Amirthmangalam, 6. Appukkallu, 7. Mallapadi, 8. Paiyampalli., 9. Adichchanallur, 10. Sittannavasal, 11. Kodumanal, 12. Tiruvakkarai, 13. Sayarpuram, 14. Dharmapuri
2. Tourism prospects in any of the two sites visited
2. Shore temple (Mamallapuram), 2. Five rathas ( Mamallapuram), 3. Cave temples (Mamallapuram), 4. Kailasanatha temple (Kanchip¬uram), 5. Brihadiswara temple (Gangaikondacholapuram), 6. Briha¬disvara temple (Thanjavur), 7. Jalakandeswara temple (Vellore Fort), 8. Siva temple (Virincipuram), 9. Varadharaja swamy Temple (Kanchipuram), 10. Nageswaraswami temple (Kumbakonam), 11.Airavatesvara Temple (Darasuram), 12.Muvar Koil (Kodumbalur), 13. Vijyalaya cholisvaram (Narthamalai), 14. Lower and Upper Rock cut Temples (Tiruchirappalli), 15. Cave Temple (Tirupparankunram), 16. Cave Temple (Anamalai), 17. Vettuvan Koil (Kalugumalai), 18. Tiruvaliswaram Temple (Ambasamudram) 19. Hampi (Karnataka)
HIS E
004 EARLY HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF TAMIL NADU E 2 1 0 3 P.D.Balaji
Course Objective
A study of cultural history of the Pre Iron age cultures in Tamil Nadu. Deals with the origin and distribution of the Iron Age and Megalithic structures like dolmens and cists. Deals with the important excavations of megaliths. Studies the various types of pottery, socio economic aspects, trade and technological developments.
UNIT 1: Scope and Definition - Sources – importance of early historical archaeology - Sangam Literature - Pre Iron age conditions - Relations with other regions - Recent studies - Iron age cultures in India - distribution, social life and economy.
UNIT 2: Ceramic traditions in Tamilnadu - Black and red ware, Red ware, Black ware, red slipped ware, russet coated ware, coarse red ware - foreign potteries – Significance of graffiti and its relation to Harappan script
UNIT 3: South Indian Megaliths - distribution - Koduma¬nal, Mangudi, - construction- burial types, structural grave goods - pottery - economy.
UNIT 4: Excavations at Modur, Alagankulam, Arikamedu(1990-1995), Kaveripumpattinam, Uraiyur, Perur, Palur, Thirukkoyilur
UNIT 5: Town planning – Irrigation and Agriculture - Trade and industries - Technology; Religious ideas - social life - outside influence- structural materials - mud, brick, stone etc., - plan of structures- other artefacts.
Books For Reference:
Allchin, Bridget and Raymond., The Birth of Indian Civiliza¬tion, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1968.
Deo, S.B., Recent Researches in the Chalcolithic and Mega¬lithic Culture of the Deccan, University of Madras,.
Narasimhiah, B., Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures in Tamil Nadu, Sundeep Prakashan, Delhi, 1980.
Banerjee, N.R., The Iron Age in India.
Gururaja Rao, B.K., Megalithic Cultures in South India.
Gurumurthy, S., Ceramic Traditions of South India.
Ramachandran, K.S., Archaeology of South Indai: Tamilnadu, Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi, 1980.
Peter Francis, Jr. Bead Emporium: A guide to the Beads from Arikamedu in the Pondicherry Museum.
Vimala Begley and Richard Daniel De Puma,(eds.) Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade, Oxford, 1992.
Related Excavation Reports published by the Archaeological Survey of India, State Department of Archaeology(Tamilnadu) and University of Madras
HIS E
005 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CULTURAL HISTORY OF TAMILNADU E 2 1 0 3 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
A study of cultures of the pre megalithic period in Tamil Nadu. the development of neolithic culture and its distribution. The iron age and Megalithic burials are studied. Some of the excavations of the historical period like Kaverippumpatinam are studied. The settlement pattern, urbanization etc. are also highlighted.
UNIT 1: Introduction to Proto history - definition - sources: excavated artefacts, Literary and inscriptional - interpretation.- Neolithic and Chaclolithic origins - Distribution and cultural significance.
UNIT 2: Iron age cultures in India - distribution, Megaliths - distribution - burial types, structural grave goods - Early historical period - excavations - Arikkamedu, Kaverippumpattinam, Uraiyur and Kodumanal - .social life and economy.
UNIT 3: Settlement pattern - Structures: structural materials - mud, brick, stone etc., - plan of structures - Pottery - Black and red ware, Red ware, Black ware, Foreign pottery..
UNIT 4: Economy - Irrigation and Agriculture - Trade and industries - Technology - Urbanization.
UNIT 5: Social and Religious ideas - social life - outside influence.
Books For Reference:
Allchin, Bridget and Raymond., The Birth of Indian Civiliza¬tion.
Deo, S.B., Recent Researches in the Chalcolithic and Mega¬lithic Culture of the Deccan.
Narasimhiah, B., Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures of Tamil Country.
Banerjee, N.R., The Iron Age in India.
Gururaja Rao, B.K., Megalithic Cultures in South India.
Gurumurthy, S., Ceramic Traditions of South India.
Ramachandran, K.S., Archaeology of Tamilnadu.
Peter Francis, Jr. Bead Emporium: A guide to the Beads from Arikamedu in the Pondicherry Museum.
Vimala Begley and Richard Daniel De Puma,(eds.) Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade, Oxford, 1992.
UOM S
002 SOFT SKILL * S 2 Campus level teaching
HIS C
007 INDIAN EPIGRAPHY AND PALAEOGRAPHY C 3 1 0 4 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective
It is a study on the origin and development of scripts in India. It deals with the various scripts from the Vedic period to Medieval period. The paper discusses elaborately on the ancient scripts such as Brahmi, Tamil Brahmi, Grantha and Vatteluthu – its origin and development of writing and their use as a primary source for understanding the ancient past.
UNIT 1: Origin of writing in general - Ancient systems of writing- Origin and history of writing in India - Indus script - decipherments attempts - Antiquity of writing in India.
UNIT 2: Asokan Brahmi script - theories of origin - history of deci¬pherment - palaeography. Kharoshti script - origin and decline - Development of Brahmi script - North Indian scripts
UNIT 3: Origin of writing in South India - History of decipherment of South Indian scripts- Evolution of South Indian scripts - Tamil-Brahmi, Vatteluttu and Grantha
UNIT 4: Study of Inscriptions: Asokan, Gupta, Satavahana inscrip¬tions. Types of inscriptions - format of Tamil in¬scriptions - Pallava, Chola, Pandya, and Vijayanagara inscriptions. Writing materials - authenticity; eras .
UNIT 5 : Study of Inscriptions - (Inscriptions prescribed for study) – Field study – training in deciphering script – taking estampages
1.Asokan Edicts-Rock Edict No.XIII (Corpus Inscriptionum Indicorum, vol.I. pp.66-70.).
2.The Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela (Epigraphia Indi¬ca, vol. XX, No.7, pp. 71 - 89).
3.Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta (Corpus In¬scriptionum Indicorum, vol.III, p.1.).
4.Aihole Inscription of Pulakesin II (Epigraphia Indica, vol.VI, p.1.).
5. Pulimankombai Inscriptions (Avanam vol. 17, pp.1-5)
6. Brahmi Inscriptions of Mangulam, (I.Mahadevan, Early Tamil Epigraphy ).
7. Irulappatti hero stone inscriptions, (Epigraphia Indica, Vol.XXXIX, No.32, pp.211-214.).
8. Pulankuruchchi Inscription (Avanam Vol. I, pp. 57-69)
9. Velvikudi Copper Plate Grant of Pandya Nedunjadaiyan (Epigraphia Indi¬ca, Vol. XVII, pp.291.).
10.Smaller Leiden grant of Kulottunga Chola I (Epigraphia Indica, Vol.XXII,No. pp. .).
Books For Reference:
Buhler, G. Indian Palaeography, Indological Book House, Delhi, 1968.
Pandey, R.B. Indian Palaeography, Motilal Barasidas, Benaras, 1952.
Dani, A.H. Indian Palaeography.
Mahalingam, T.V. Early South Indian Palaeography, University of Madras, Chennai, 1967, .
Sivaramamurthy, Indian Epigraphy and South Indian scripts.
Sircar, D.C. Select Inscriptions, Vols. I and II.
Burnell, A.C. Elements of South Indian Palaeography.
Mahalingam, T.V. Early South Indian Palaeography.
Subramanian, T.N. Pandait Tamil Eluttukkal (Tamil) South Indian Temple Inscriptions, Vol. III, pt 1.
Subramanian, T.N. South Indian Temple In¬scriptions, Vol. III, pt 1.
Mahadevan, Iravatham, Corpus of Tamil Brahmi Inscriptions in Seminar On Inscriptions, R.Nagasamy (ed.)
Kasinathan, Natana, Kalleluttukkalai (Tamil).
Shrinivas Ritti, A Decade of Epigraphical Studies in South India, Karnatak University, Dharward, 1985.
Gelb, I. J., A Study of writing, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963.
Mahadevan, I., Early Tamil Epigraphy, Cre-A, Chennai 2003
Govindaraj, R., Evolution of Script in Tamilnadu, Tamilnadu Archaeological Society Special Issue, No. 1, 1994)
HIS C
008 INDIAN NUMISMATICS C 3 1 0 4 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
The study deals with the origin and development of coinage and monetary system in ancient India upto the medieval times. It deals with the Early history and evolution of Coinage from the punch marked variety. It studies the development of coins issued by various dynasties and their historical importance. The coin issues of the Indo Greeks, Guptas, Satavahanas, Chola, Chera, Pandya and Vijayanagar rulers and the foreign issues are also studied.
UNIT 1: Sources - Importance of the study of Coins - Coins as a source - their study for the history of South India - Literary references to Coins. Orign, antiquity and development of coinage - literary reference - coinage as a science;
UNIT 2: Punch Marked coins - Chronology - distribution symbols their significance - Indo-Greek and Kushana coins - their impact and significance - Gupta coinage - various aspects.
UNIT 3: Coins of Sangam age - Punch marked coins - Satavahana Coins - Ikshavaku coins - Roman coins – Recent findings at Karur
UNIT 4: Coins of the - Pallavas - Cholas - Pandyas - Vijayanagaras - their historical values., Chinese Coins - their significance
UNIT 5: Documentation of Coins – Conservation and Preservation of Coins – Techniques in Coin Display
Books For Reference:
Parameshwarilal Gupta, Coins, National Book Trust, New Delhi, 1969.
D.R. Bhandarkar, Ancient Indian Numismatics
Chakraborti, S.K., A Study of Ancient Indian Numismatics, Bharatiya Publishing House, Varanasi, 1973.
Altekar,A.S., Corpus of Indian Coins - Vol. IV The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, The Numismatic Society of India, Varanasi, 1957.
Gardner,P., British Museum Catalogus of Greek and Scythic Kings of
India and Bacteria.
Vidya Prakash, South Indian Coins
Biddulph, C.H., Coins of the Cholas, The Numismatic Society of India, Varanasi, 1968.
Nagaswami, R., Tamils Coins- A Study, Institute of Epigraphy, Department of Archaeology, 1981. Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600.
Shankaranarayana, Vijayanagar Coins,
Sathyamurthy, S., Catalogue of Roman Coins,.
Sharma, I.K., Coinage of the Satavahana Empire, Delhi, 1980.
Ganesh, K and girijapathy, Karnataka Numismatic Studies, Bangalore, 1999.
Narasimha Murthy, A.V., Coins of Karnataka, Geetha Book House, Mysore,
HIS C
009 TOURISM IN INDIA C 3 1 0 4 P.D.Balaji
Course Objective
The scope, historical perspective, policies, and management of tourism in India. The course focuses on the study of archaeological monuments and their role in the promotion of cultural tourism. Various strategies to promote tourism to attract more visitors is also studied..
UNIT 1: Scope – Potential of tourism in India – Advantages – Historical Perspective – Tourism concept – Evolution of Tourism
UNIT 2: Tourism management – Personnel – Tourism laws – Elements – Trend –Policies, issues and strategies - Tourism impact assessment
UNIT 3: Cultural tourism –monuments in India: Religious and Secular – Tourist sites with special reference to South India – Special tourist Attraction - Cultural activities - festivals and ceremonies.
UNIT 4: Tours and travels – organisation of tours - Transport and accommodation – Administration –-Foreign exchange - laws relating to tourism
UNIT 5: Public relations – Information offices – Bulletins – Tourist Guides – tourist psychology -- Language and communication.
Books For Reference:
Bhatia, A.K., Tourism Development Principles and Practices
Bijender, K., Tourism Management: Problems and Prospects
Gupta, S. P. and Lal, K., Tourism Museums and Monuments in India
Sen, A.K., Tourism in India
Roy Bardhan, R.K., Tours and Travel Directory of India
Burkart, A. and Medliks, S., Tourism Past, Present and Future
Sinha, P.C. (ed)., International Encyclopedia of Tourism Management (12 volumes)
HIS C
010 ICONOGRAPHY C 3 1 0 4 A. Ekambaranathan
Course Objective
To understand the rich iconographic heritage of India. The contribution of Indian religions to iconographic development - To know more about the cultural traits of image - worshippers - iconism and its impact on society.
UNIT 1: Iconography - definition, scope - image worship in India - stages of development.
UNIT 2: Iconographic Terminology - Hastas, mudras and asanas - Iconometry - principles.
UNIT 3: Iconography of Siva: Different forms; Iconography of Visnu: Avatars, other forms; Brahma - forms.
UNIT 4: Goddesses and Minor deities - Durga, Mahisasuramardhini, Vinayaka, Lakshmi, Dikpalas and Navagrahas; Village deities.
UNIT 5: Buddhist Iconography: Buddha, Bhodisatva; Jaina Iconography- Tirtankaras, Yaksha and Yakshinis.
Books For Reference:
Gopinatha Rao, T.A., Elements of Hindu Iconography, Vols. 1 & 2 Madras, 1914, 1916 (reprint 1997)
Banerjea, J.N., Development of Hindu Iconography, Calcutta, 1985.
Gupte, R.S., Iconography of the Hindu, Buddhists and Jains.
Krishnasastri, H., South Indian image of Gods and Goddesses, Madras.
Barretts, Doughlas, Sculptures From Amaravathy in Bristish Museum, London, 1954.
Bhattacharya, B. Jain Iconography, New Delhi, 1939.
Ganguly, O.C., South Indian Bronzes, 1914.
HIS E
006 MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY E 2 1 0 3 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective:
In the last phase of 20th century the study of underwater archaeology gradually evolved. This Paper focuses on the origin and development of marine archaeology as a discipline in India; the under water archaeological explorations; principles and methods in marine archaeology; technology involved; different equipments; and major underwater excavations in India.
UNIT 1: Origin and growth of Marine Archeology – Early underwater archeological explorations
Mary Rose – Titanic – Pioneers in Marine Archeology – George Bass – S.R. Rao – Development of Marine archaeology in India – Research Institutes
UNIT 2: Principles and Methods in Marine Archeology – Explorations methods – Collection of
Data – Literature – Foreign Accounts – Epigraphy & Numismatics data
UNIT 3: Technology involved in marine archaeology – Coastal geomorphology – Sea Level
Fluctuations – Estuaries and their impact – the role of remote sensing in marine archaeology – Field study
UNIT 4: Equipments - diving equipments – ships used in diving – technical instruments deployed
in marine archeology – echo sounder – mariners campus – Positioning systems – GPS – Sextant – Mini Ranger – Side Scan Sonar – Sub bottom profiler – Magnetometer – Underwater camera – Underwater drawing equipments
UNIT 5: Underwater Excavations – Survey methods – Man power – Physical survey – Towed
search – Swim line search – Jackstay – Grid search – Circular search – Recording – Excavations – Airlift – Retrieval of the Antiquities – Preservation and conservation of underwater cultural material
Books For Reference:
Barker, Philip, Techniques of Archaeological Excavations, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1977
Bass, George, A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology, Thames and Hudson,
London, 1972
Dean, Martin, et.al.,(ed) Archaeology Underwater – The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice, Nautical
Archaeology Society, Archetype Publications Ltd., London
Rao, S.R., Progress and Prospects of Marine Archaeology in India, First Indian Conference of
Marine Archeology of Indian Ocean Countries, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 1987
Rao, S.R., Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries, National Institute of Oceanography,
Goa, 1988
Rao, S.R., Recent Advances in Marine Archaeology, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 1991
Rao. S.R., The Role of Universities and Research Instiutes in Marine Archealogy, National Institute
of Oceanography, Goa, 1994
Rao, S.R., An Integrated Approach to Marine Archaeology, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 1997
Taylor,
Joan du Plat, Marine Archaeology, Hutchinson and Co., London, 1965
HIS E
007 CULTURAL HISTORY OF TAMIL NADU UP TO A.D. 1565 E 2 1 0 3 A.Ekambaranathan
Course Objective
A detailed history of the Tamil country from the earliest times to the downfall of the Vijayanagara Empire. It covers the history of the Stone ages, and the proto and early historical periods. The developments in the Sangam age, the history of the kingdom of the Pallavas, and early Pandyas, Cholas, later Pandyas and Vijayanagara are dealt in this paper. The various cultural developments of the Tamil country are also highlighted.
UNIT 1: Sources – Pre and proto historic cultures – Social and Cultural life in the Sangam; Tinai concept - Roman trade- Buddhism and Jainism.
UNIT 2: Pre Pallava peiod - Satavahana relations -Pallava rule: Bhakti movement – revival of Saivism and Vaishnavism – impact of religious Philosophy - Trade and Commerce - Literature.
UNIT 3: Chola rule - Development of Politics - Urbanization and development of cities - Temples, Art and letters, coinage, Trade and Religion- Decline of the Chola rule
UNIT 4: Pandya Rule - Religion in South India - Art and Literature - Relations with Sri Lanka - invasion of Malik Kafur-Muslim influence- Trade and commerce.
UNIT 5: Vijayanagara rule in Tamil country - Establishment and expansion - migrations - Religion - Decline of the Vijayanagara Empire - Economy and society - art and letters.
Books For Reference:
Nilakantasastri, K.A., A History of South India
Minakshi, C., Administration and Social life under the Pallavas
Nilakantasastri, K.A., The Colas
Subramanian, N., Sangam Polity
Subramanian, N., History of Tamil Nadu
Pillai, K.K., Social History of the Tamils
Kanakasabhai, V., The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago
HIS E
008 EPIGRAPHICAL STUDIES IN INDIA E 2 1 0 3 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective
An introductory course on the development of inscriptions and scripts in India. Deals with the origin and development of scripts and inscriptions and its development in India from the earliest times to the medieval times. The study includes the methods of making the collections, and its use for historical interpretation.
UNIT 1: Scope of Epigraphical studies - importance for the historical and Economic study of South India
UNIT 2: Hisrory of the development of Epigraphical Studies - Early attempts of decipherment of scripts in India.
UNIT 3: Epigraphical collections - Method of collection - Agencies involved - Publications
UNIT 4: Development of Tamil Epigraphy - Brahmi, Kharaoshti and Tamil Brahmi scripts - Early inscriptions
UNIT 5: Epigraphical Research - Analysis – Digitization of epighapical data - statistical and other methods - recent works.
Books For Reference:
Buhler, G. Indian Palaeography, Indological Book House, Delhi, 1968.
Pandey, R.B. Indian Palaeography, Motilal Barasidas, Benaras, 1952.
Dani, A.H. Indian Palaeography.
Mahalingam, T.V. Early South Indian Palaeography, University of Madras, Chennai, 1967, .
Sivaramamurthy, Indian Epigraphy and South Indian scripts.
Sircar, D.C. Select Inscriptions, Vols. I and II.
Burnell, A.C. Elements of South Indian Palaeography.
Mahalingam, T.V. Early South Indian Palaeography.
Subramanian, T.N. Pandait Tamil Eluttukkal (Tamil) South Indian Temple Inscriptions, Vol. III, pt 1.
Subramanian, T.N. South Indian Temple In¬scriptions, Vol. III, pt 1.
Mahadevan, Iravatham, Corpus of Tamil Brahmi Inscriptions in Seminar On Inscriptions, R.Nagasamy (ed.), Books India Ltd.
Kasinathan, Natana, Kalvettukkalai (Tamil).
Shrinivas Ritti, A Decade of Epigraphical Studies in South India, Karnatak University, Dharward, 1985.
Gelb, I. J., A Study of writing, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963.
Mahadevan, I., Early Tamil Epigraphy, Cre-A, Chennai , 2003
HIS E
009 SOUTH INDIAN COINS S 2 1` 0 3 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
The study deals with the origin and development of coinage and monetary system in south India upto the medieval times. It deals with the Early history and evolution of Coinage from the Sangam age. It studies the development of coins issued by various dynasties and their historical importance. The coin issues of the Satavahanas, Chola, Chera, Pandya, Chalukya, Hoysala and Vijayanagar rulers and foreign issues are also studied.
UNIT 1: Scope of numismatics studies - Coins as a source - their importance for the history of South India - Epigraphical and Literary references to Coins.
UNIT 2: South Indian Coin studies - Early studies -Development - coin collection - private and Museum collections.
UNIT 3: Coins Symbols- Language - use of inscriptional materials - value - metal - coin manufacturing techniques- coin moulds - coin weights- legends and symbols
UNIT 4: Coins of the Tamil Country: Sangam age - Punch marked coins - Pallavas - Cholas - Roman, Chinese Coins - their significance Coins of the Pandyas - Vijayanagaras - their historical values
UNIT 5: Coins of the south India and Deccan : Satavahana Coins - Ikshvaku coins - Coins of the Chalukyas and Hoysalas -.
Books For Reference:
Sicar, D. C., Early Indian Numismatic and Epigraphical Studies, Indian Museum, Calcutta, 1977.
Ganesh, K and Girijapathy, The Coins of the Vijayanagara Empire, Bangalore, 1997.
Ganesh, K and Girijapathy, The Coins of the Hoysalas, Bangalore, 1997.
Narasimhamurthy, A.v., Coins and Currency System in Vijayanagara Empire, The Numismatic Society of India, Varanasi, 1991.
Radhakrishnan, P.V., Roman gold and silver Coins from India, Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, Nasik, 1999.
Ragini ramamohan, Coins of the Andhradesa, Tirupati, 1989.
Gupta, P.L., the Early Coins from Kerala, Department of Archaeology, government of Kerala, Trivandrum, 1989.
Kasinathan, Natana., Tamilar Kacu iyal (in Tamil ), International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai, 1995.
UOM S
003 SOFT SKILL * S 2 Campus level teaching
UOM I
001 INTERN SHIP** S 2 Will be decided by the Departmental Committee
HIS C
011 PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF ARCHAEOLOGY C 3 1 0 4 A.Ekambaranathan
Course Objective:
The course deals with the scope and value of archaeology and the different methods of archaeological investigations. The development of archaeology from antiquarianism to recent scientific investigations are highlighted. The principles and methods involved in exploration and excavation of ancient sites, systematic documentation of artifacts, methods of preserving excavated finds, dating methods, interpretation of cultural assemblages and preparation of reports for publication are dealt with elaborately.
UNIT 1: Definition - Scope and value of Archaeology - History of Archaeology – Antiquarianism – Development of Indian Archaeology
UNIT 2: Types of archaeology – Ethno archaeology, Biblical archaeology, Salavage archaeology; Useful sciences- Biological, Physical and Chemical sciences – other sciences.
UNIT 3: Methods of Exploration – Field survey, Topo maps, Trial digging; Excavation – Equipment and Staff; methods – planning, stratigraphy, collection of antiquities, documentation - Remote sensing, Underwater Archaeology
UNIT 4: New Archaeology, Under water Archaeology, Remote sensing,; Dating methods – relative and absolute methods.
UNIT 5: Documentation; conservation – physical and chemical; Preservation in museum; Publication of report – preparation of charts, drawings and photographs.
Books For Reference:
Atkinson, R.J.C., Field Archaeology, Methuen, London, 1953
Wheeler, R.E.M. Archaeology from the Earth, London, 1954.
Cultural Forum (pub), Hundred years of Indian Archaeology, New Delhi, 1961
Ekambaranathan, A. and Ponnusamy, R. Principles and methods of Archaeological Excacvation (in Tamil), Chennai, 1995.
Lenord Wooley, Digging up the past, London, 1954
Robert, H.Brill (ed), Science and Archaeology, London 1971
Raman, K.V., Principles and methods of Archaeology, 1986, Chennai
Sankalia, H.D., Indian Archaeology Today, Bombay,1962
Zeuner, F.E., Dating the Past, London, 1958.
Drewett. Peter L., Field Archaeology: An Introduction, University College London Press, London, 1999.
Kevin Greene, Archaeology: An Introduction, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1983.
Sourindranath Roy, The Story of Indian Archaeology 1784-1947, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1996.
Ancient India, Vols 1-22, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, (Relevent porttions).
HIS C
012 MUSEOLOGY C 3 1 0 4 P. D. Balaji
Course Objective
The paper provides a detail study of Museum keeping. It deals with the origin and development of Museum and various aspects such as types of museums, display system, documentation, various laws passed time to time to preserve the cultural properties and methods conservation and preservation of museum objects.
UNIT 1: Origin and development of Museum – types of museums: Central and State museums - Archaeological and special museums: Technological musuem, Children Museum
UNIT 2: Role of Museum in education –– Museum in Educational institutions - Research activities; Cutural activites; Musuem Guide, guide books etc.
UNIT 3: Museum administration and establishment: director and Curator; other staff; Documentation – Types of documentation – Digitized documentaion; registers and Index cards.
UNIT 4: Museum Architecture : Ventilation and lighting - other amenities - Display system – important principle in display – Composition – Light-Texture – Colour – Scale – Labelling .
UNIT 5: Preservation and conservation of organic and inorganic objects – various Methods of structural conservation – Legal aspects of conservation and Preservation of cultural properties
Books For Reference:
Banerjee , N.R., Museum and Cultural Heritage of India
Singh, A.P., Conservation and Museum Techniques
Agrawal, O.P., Care and Preservation of Museum Objects
Nigam, M.L., Fundamentals of Museology
Aiyappan and Satyamurty, Hand book of Museum Technique
Baxi and Dwivedi, Modern Museum
Grace Morley, Museum Today
HIS C
013 CULTURAL TOURISM IN INDIA C 3 1 0 4 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
The course deals with the relations between the culture and tourism. The cultural potentials and its prospects in conducting the tourism are dealt in this paper. Various cultural traits available in India, how these could be exploited for promoting the tourism will alsi be discussed
UNIT 1: Definition of culture – value of culture - cultural heritage of India – relation between
tourism and archaeology - Different cultural traits – Buddhism – Jainism – Savism –
Vaishnavism – Islam
UNIT 2: Salient features of the architecture Chaityas – Viharas – Important Temples styles –
Gupta – Kalinga – Pallava – Chola – Viyanagara
UNIT 3: Heritage monuments –their importance in tourism - Tajmahal – Mount Abu – Ajanta –
Ellora – Khajarahao temples - Hampi – Brahadesvarar Temple – Mahabalipuram their
importance as prime tourist centers – field study of the monuments
UNIT 4: Eco tourism – Environmental Tourism – Adventure Tourism – Tourism in the Pre and
Proto historic sites – Tourism in Roman sites – Tourism in early historic sites - Role of
unprotected monuments in promoting cultural tourism.
UNIT 5: Festivals of India – National festivals – Regional festivals – Local festivals – laws
pertaining to conservation and preservation of cultural properties
Books For Reference:
Vaikuntam, Y., Historical, Cultural Eco-Tourism in South India Emerging Trends, Hyderabad, 2004
Ravishankar Singh, Ecotourism and Sustinable Development, Delhi
Kaul, R.N., Dynamics of Tourism – Trilogy, New Delhi
Romila Chawla, Tourism and Development Series Tourism and Management, New Delhi
Moitiram, International Tourism – Socio Economic Perspectives, New Delhi
Jayasuriya, S.K.W. and Nehen, I.K., Economic Growth and Tourism
HIS C
014 EXCAVATION AND REPORT C 2 2 6 10 All Faculty
Course Objective
The course provides practical training in Excavation organised by the Department.
Excavation: Participation in the Department's excavation (about one month) and presentation of excavation report (about 60 pages).
HIS E
010 SCIENCE AND ARCHAEOLOGY E 2 1 0 3 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective:
This course is framed to enlighten students on the link between archaeology and other sciences. Various sciences involved in the archaeological investigations are highlighted in this paper. The advances made in the data retrieval due to the application of various scientific methods are discussed in this paper.
UNIT 1: Definition of ‘archaeology as a science’ – difference between archaeology and other
disciplines in humanity – relation between archaeology and anthropology - archaeology and physics - archaeology and chemistry - archaeology and botany - archaeology and zoology - archaeology and Geology
UNIT 2: Global Position System – its application in archaeology – GIS – Mapping - its application
in archaeological investigations
UNIT 3: Ariel Photography - Remote sensing in archaeology – origin and history in India –
Images – interpretations – its applications in archaeology
UNIT 4: Digital archaeology – computerization of archaeological data – excavation data –
epigraphical data – numismatic data – their interpretation - digitized photographic documentation – photo edition - its interpretation - retrieval of data – Soft ware
UNIT 5: Recent scientific advancements in conservation and preservation of cultural properties –
organic and inorganic objects – authenticating of archaeological objects
Books For Reference:
Bisht, A.S., Conservation Science, Akamkala Prakashan, Delhi, 2003
Mishra, Ashok, K., Ethno archaeometallurgy of Iron in India, Akamkala Prakashan, Delhi, 2003,
Dayalan, D, Computer Application in Indian Epigraphy, Bharatiya Kala prakasam, Delhi, 2003
Tripathi, Alok(Ed), Remote Sensing and Archaeology, Sundeep Prakasam, New Delhi,
Bisht, A.S., Scientific Aspect of Heritage Study, Sundeep Prakasam, New Delhi, 2004
Pa nt, P.C., Jayaswal, Vidula, Ancient Ceramics, Historical Enquiries and Scientific Approaches, Sundeep Prakasam, 1997
Murthy, K.L., Structural Conservation of Monuments in South India, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi,
Banerjee, N.R., Museum and Cultural Heritage of India, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi, 1989
Ghose, Arun, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi,
1989
Bisht, A.S., and et.al., Conservation of Cultural Property in India, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi,
2000
Singh, A.P., Conservation and Museum Techniques, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi, 1987
HIS E
011 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVATION E 2 1 0 3 P.D.Balaji
Course Objective
A study of Archaeological conservation of monuments and excavated materials. The reasons for the decay and the various methods of preservation of objects. The cultural importance of preserving the monuments and artefats for the future. Some of the laws and regulations of preservation and conservation and the various agencies involved and their functions are also highlighted. Different methods of display are also studied.
UNIT 1: Definition - Scope and purpose of Archaeological conservation – utility
UNIT 2: History of conservation - work of the conservation agencies laws of conservation of monuments - Conservation Laws - Heritage cities
UNIT 3: Conservation of monuments - Decay of monuments and reasons -techniques of conservation - soil, structural conservation - cleaning of monuments, Reconstruction of monuments
UNIT 4: Preservation of artefacts: Reasons for decay - Treatment of excavated objects - in the site and Musuem, Chemical cleaning and preservation - metals, teracotta, stone and other materials
UNIT 5: Display techniques - Museums and Exhibitions- out door museums and Exhibitions.
Books For Reference:
Atkinson, M.J. Physics and Arhcaology, Oxford, 1974
Baxi, S. J., and Dvivedi V.P. Modern Museum, 1973
Beck, C. W., Archaeological Chemistry, 1974
Busten Kari, W. Environment and Archaeology, 1971
Marshall, John., Conservation Manual, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1990.
Dowman, Elizabeth, A., Conservation in field Archaeology, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 1970
Plenderleight, H.J and Werner. The Conservation of Antiquities and works of art, 1974
Shanti Lal Nagar, Protection, Conservation and Preservation of Indian Monumnets, 1993
Sherrat, Andres, The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Archaeology, 1980.
Agarwal, O.P., Preservation of Art Objects and Library Materials, National Book Trust, New Delhi, 1993.
Agarwal, O.P. (ed.), Conservation in the Tropics, International Centre for Conservation, Rome, 1974.
HIS E
012 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN TAMIL NADU E 2 1 0 3 A.Ekambaranathan
Course Objective
To focus the importance of religious architecture in Tamil Nadu. To have a thorough understanding of the development of temple architecture commencing from the early centuries of the Christian era down to the medieval times with special emphasis on Pallava , Chola, Pandya and Vijayanagara Architecture.
UNIT 1: Sources: Early forms of temple architecture -Pre Pallava architecture.
UNIT 2: Pallava architecture - Cave and Structural architecture.
UNIT 3: Early Pandya architecture - cave and Structural Architecture - Muttaraiyar architecture.
UNIT 4: Chola architecture - Brihadisvara Temple, Darasuram, Gangaikonda Cholapuram; Later Pandya architecture.
UNIT 5: Vijayanagara architecture - development of Mandapa and Gopura architecture - Nayak architecture - Secular architecture - forts.
Books For Reference:
Srinivasan, K.R., Temples of South India, Publications Division, New Delhi, 1998
Srinivasan, K.R., Cave Temples of the Pallavas, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1998
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Early Cola Temples, Orient Longman, 1971.
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Middle Cola Temples, Thomson Press India Ltd., 1975.
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Later Cola Temples, Mudgala Trust, 1979.
Percy Brown, Indian Architecture.
Soundara Rajan, K.V., Cave Temples of Deccan, Delhi, 1991.
Sivarammurthi, C., Kalugumalai and Early Pandyan Shrines,
Nayak, H.M., and Gopal, B.R., (ed.) South Indian Studies, Geetha Book House, Mysore, 1990.
Sivaramamurthi, C., Indian Sculpture, Bombay, 1961
Vincent Smith, History of Fine Arts in India and Ceylon, Bombay, 1962
Miechael W.Meister, and Dhaky, M.A., Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple architecture, Vol.I & II. 1988.
HIS E
013 SOUTH INDIAN SCULPTURE E 2 1 0 3 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
The course deals with the origin and development of sculptural art in South India from the early centuries of X’ian era down to medieval times. Various styles of sculptural art and their distinct features are studied with a chronological and historical back ground.
UNIT 1: Early Terracotta and other finds from archaeological excavations- introduction of stone
For sculpture – hero stones – patronage of ruling class – Satavahana sculptre
UNIT 2 : Pallava and Early Pandya and Athiyaman sculpture – their characteristic features – Early
Western Chalukya Sculptural art
UNIT 3 : Early – Middle – Later – Chola Sculptures – stylistical features
UNIT 4 : Hoysalas – Vijayanagara and Nayak sculptures – factors contributing to their proliferation
UNIT 5 : South Indian Bronzes – Origin and development – maturity under the Cholas
Books For Reference:
Srinivasan, K.R., Temples of South India, Publications Division, New Delhi, 1998
Srinivasan, K.R., Cave Temples of the Pallavas, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1998
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Early Cola Temples, Orient Longman, 1971.
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Middle Cola Temples, Thomson Press India Ltd., 1975.
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Later Cola Temples, Mudgala Trust, 1979.
Percy Brown, Indian Architecture.
Soundara Rajan, K.V., Cave Temples of Deccan, Delhi, 1991.
Nayak, H.M., and Gopal, B.R., (ed.) South Indian Studies, Geetha Book House, Mysore, 1990.
Sivaramamurthi, C., Indian Sculpture, Bombay, 1961
Vincent Smith, History of Fine Arts in India and Ceylon, Bombay, 1962
Miechael W.Meister, and Dhaky, M.A., Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple architecture, Vol.I & II. 1988.
UOM S
003 SOFT SKILL * S 2 Campus level teaching
MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY COURSE
ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
(Choice Based Credit System)
SYLLABUS (REVISED) FROM 2007-2008
ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION
A Master of Arts degree in Ancient History and Archaeology or History of the University of Madras or any other Post graduate degree in Ancient History, Indian Culture or Archaeology of a University, recognized by the University of Madras as equivalent thereto, provided that
a) those who have qualified for the Masters degree prior to 1st January 1991 must have secured a minimum of 50 percent of marks and b) those who have qualified for the Masters degree on or after 1st January 1991 must have secured a minimum of 55 percent of marks. For SC and ST candidates who have qualified on or after 1st January 1991 a concession of 5 percent of marks shall be given in the minimum eligibility marks.
MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY COURSE
CODE COURSE TITLE CORE/
ELECTIVE CREDITS COURSE FACULTY
L T P C
FIRST SEMESTER
HIS
C 001 Historiography and Historical Methods C 4 1 5 Dr. J Soundararajan
HIS
C 002 Development of Archaeological Studies in India C 4 1 5 Dr. P.D. Balaji
HIS
C 003 South Indian Epigraphy C 4 1 5 Dr. P.Jayakumar
HIS
C 004 Tourist Monuments of South India C 4 1 5 Dr. A.Ekambaranathan
SECOND SEMESTER
HIS
C 005 Dissertation and Vivavoce C - - - 21 Supervisor
COURSE CONTENTS
HIS
C 001 Historiography and Historical Methods C 4 1 0 5 Dr. J Soundararajan
Course Objective
An analytical study of the methods of collection of historical material and its interpretation. The development of History from the ancient times - It involves the critical evaluation of the source and methods of writing a thesis - Identification and interpretation of Archeological artifacts and a study of the recent developments are focussed in the study.
Unit: 1 Historiography - its development - Ancient Historiographers - Greek, India - Ancient works on Indian History.
Unit: 2 History writing - sources - authenticity - evaluation: Internal and External criticism - Recent trends and ideas on historical writing.
Unit: 3 Archaeology and History - excavation techniques - chronology - stratigraphy - relation to historical writing.
Unit: 4 Excavated materials - analysis of the artefacts - interpretation of the artefacts - new techniques - quantification.
Unit: 5 Preparation of thesis - analysis and collation of materials - footnotes and bibliography - use of tables, maps and appendices etc. - presentation
Reference books:
Bury, J.B., The Ancient Greek Historians
Seligman, Edwin R.A., The Economic Interpretaion of History.
Johnson, A., Historian and Historical Evidence.
Renier, Histoy, its purpose and Method.
Glyn Daniel, The Origin and Growth of Archaeology.
Peter L. Drewett, Field Archaeology, An Introduction.
Binford, S.R., and L.R. Binford, New Perspectives in Archaeology.
Parkes, P.A. Current Scientific Techniques in Archaeology.
Shanks, M., and C.Tilly, Social Theory and Archaeology.
S.Kadhirvel, Historical Methods.
Manickam, S., Theory of History and Method of Research.
Seikh Ali, B., History: Its theory and Method.
Sen, S.P., Historians and Historiagraphy in Modern India.
Gopal, S., Romila Thaper, Problems of Historical Writings in India.
Philips, C.H., (ed.) Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon.
Venugopalan, T.R., (ed.) History and Theory.
Romila Thaper, Intepreting Early India.
HIS
C 002 Development of Archaeological Studies in India C 4 1 0 5 Dr. P. D. Balaji
Course Objective
A detailed study of the growth of Archaeological studies in India. The early discoveries and establishment of the Archaeological Survey of India and its functions are dealt with. The nature of conservation and the antiquarian laws related to monuments are to be evaluated. The recent developments in the various branches of archaeological studies are given importance.
Unit: 1 Early attempts - Foreign and Indian studies - Early discoveries.
Unit: 2 Establishment of Archaeological Survey of India - functions - State and University departments of archaeology - their functions.
Unit: 3 Archaeological conservation -Antiquarian laws - implementation.
Unit: 4 Archaeological Museums - Central, State and private museums.
Unit: 5 Education and research - recent developments - archaeological evaluation
Reference books:
Sorindranath Roy, The Story of Indian Archaeology: 1784-1947.
Indian Archaeology : A Review, Publication of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Ancient India, Published by the Archaeological Survey of India, Relevant volumes.
Chakrabarti, D.K., A History of Indian Archaeology.
Shrimali, K.M. (ed.) Indian Archaeology since Independence.
Graham Clark, Sir Mortimer Wheeler and Indian Archaeology.
Sankaliya, H.D., Indian Archaeology Today.
HIS
C 003 South Indian Epigraphy C 4 1 0 5 Dr. P.Jayakumar
Course Objective
Detailed study of the origin and development of epigraphical studies in South India. The development of scripts in South India - An intensive study of various important inscriptions and the interpretation for historical purpose. The epigraphical publications and their value to the south Indian historical research are focussed. Recent research studies are analysed.
Unit: 1 Early work - Foreign and Indian - work of Epigraphy departments.
Unit: 2 Development of scripts - Asokan Brahmi, Tamil Brahmi, Grantha, Vatteluttu. Development of South Indian scripts.
Unit: 3 Early epigraphs - Inscriptions of South India - Important inscriptions from Tamil, Telugu, Kannanda and Malayalam languages.
Unit: 4 Epigraphical collection - publications - Central, State and individual publications.
Unit: 5 Epigraphical research - interpretation - recent developments - evaluation.
Reference books:
Subrahmanya Aiyer, K.V., Historical Sketches of Ancient Dekhan, 3 vols.
Ramesh, K.V., Indian Epigraphy.
Sivaramamurthy, Indian Epigraphy and South Indian Scripts.
South Indian Temple Inscriptions, 3 vols.
Sircar, D.C. Indian Epigaphy.
Mahalingam, T.V., Early South Indian Palaeography
Burnell, A.C. Elements of South Indian Palaeography.
HIS
C 004 Tourist Monuments of South India C 4 1 0 5 A. Ekambaranathan
Course Objective
This course is focused on the intense study of selective and important monuments including Pre and Proto historic sites, Early historic sites and Temple sites in South India. Various aspects such as antiquity, historicity, archaeological discoveries, art, architecture and other aspects of the monuments are dealt with.
UNIT 1: Study of selective of early Jaina caves – Anamalai – Tiruparankunram –
Sittannavasal - Kilakuilkudi
UNIT 2: Study of selective Buddhist Sites – Kaveripoompattinam – Amaravati-
Nagarjunakonda
UNIT 3: Study of selective Temple Sites – Mahabalipuram – Kailasanatha temple
at Kanchi - BrahadesvararTemple at Tanjore– Brahadesvarar Temple at
Gangaikonda cholapuram – Vettuvankoil at Kalugumalai
UNIT 4 : Hampi – Aihole – Badami- Pattakal - Belur – Halabaid – Somanathpur
Reference books:
Sivaramamurthi, C., Indian Sculpture, Bombay, 1961
Srinivasan, K.R., Temples of South India, New Delhi, 1998
Sivaramamurthy, C., Amaravthi Sculptures, Government Museum, Chennai, 1977.
Srinivasan, K.R., Cave Temples of the Pallavas, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi
Percy Brown, Indian Architecture
M.A. HISTORICAL STUDIES
(Choice Based Credit System)
COURSE CONTENTS (REVISED) FROM 2007-2008
Course Code Title of the Course C/E/S/ Credit
L T P C
Semester I
HIS C 101 Social and Cultural History of Tamil Nadu Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 102 Cultural Heritage of India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 103 Economic History of India 1526 – 1857 Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 104 Constitutional History of India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS E 101 History of Science and Technology in India 1858 – 1947 Elective 2 1 0 3
HIS E 102 History of Peasant Movements in Modern India Elective 2 1 0 3
UOM
S001 Soft Skill* S 2
Semester II
HIS C 105 Social and Religious Movements in Modern India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 106 Freedom Movement in India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 107 Economic History of Indian 1858 – 1947 Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 108 History of Labour Movements in India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS E 103 Tourism Principles and Practices Elective 2 1 0 3
HIS E 104 Environmental History Elective 2 1 0 3
UOM
S002 Soft Skill* S 2
Semester III
HIS C 109 History of World Civilizations (Excluding India) Ancient Period Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 110 Intellectual History of Modern India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 111 Historiography and Methodology Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 112 Studies in Human Rights Core 3 1 0 4
HIS E 105 Women in India through the Ages Elective 2 1 0 3
UOM S003 Soft Skill* S 2
UOM I001 Internship** S 2
Semester IV
HIS C 113 History of World Civilizations (Excluding India) Medieval and Modern Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 114 Contemporary History of India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 115 India and Her Neighbours Core 3 1 0 4
HIS E 106 Development of Science and Technology in India since 1947 Elective 2 1 0 3
HIS E 107 Archives Keeping E 2 1 0 3
UOM
S004 Soft Skill* S 2
* Exact Title will be decided at the Campus level
* * Exact Title will be decided at the Campus level
COURSE CONTENTS
HIS C 101 : SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF TAMILNADU
Sangam Age and Post Sangam Age: Socail Institutions -Customs and Practices -Economic Life -Trade -Religion -Literature –Arts - Age of the Pallavas: Society -Economic Life -Religion- Bhakti Movemnt- Literature and Education –Arts - Age of the Cholas: Society -Economic Life -Religion -Role of the Temple- Literature and Education –Arts - Age of the Pandyas: Society -Economic Life -Religion -Foreign Accounts Literature – Arts - Tamilagam under Vijayanagar and Nayak Rule: Society -Economic Life - Religion - Literature – Arts and Fine Arts – Modern Tamilagam 18th to 20th Centuries – Social Reform Movements – Tamil Ranaissance – Growth of Modern Tamil Literature.
HIS C 102: CULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA
Ancient Indian Culture - Harappan and Vedic Social and Cultural Patterns - Religious Ferment in the 6th Century B.C. - Jainism and Buddhism - Repolarisation of Society - Cultural Development in the Era of the Mauryas - The Kushans and their patronage to Buddhism and Culture - The Guptas and the Cultural efflorescence - The Rise and Growth of Islamic culture under the Delhi Sultans and the Mughals -Its impact on Hindu culture - The British Rule -Western Education - Westernisation of Society and Culture -Art, Architecture, Music and Dance under British rule.
HIS C 103: ECONOMIC HISTORY OF INDIA, A.D. 1526 -A.D. 1857
Indian Economy on the Advent of the Mughals -Trade under the Mughals- Land Tenure and Revenue settlements under Mughals -Jagirdari, Zamindari, Khalsa, Land Revenue System under Sher Shah - Agriculture -P.olicy and Development - Mughals and British rule - Industries -Policy and Development - Village, Small Scale and Large Scale Industries in Modern India - Trade and Commerce under the Mughals -Vijayanagar – Marathas - Transport and Communication -Development -Roadways - Waterways -Railways.
HIS C 104: CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF INDIA A.D.
Introduction – The Government of India Act of 1858 – Queen Victoria’s Proclamation – The Indian Councils Acts, 1861 and 1892 - The Rise of Extremist Nationalism and its impact on Constitutional Development – Minto – Morley Reforms – The Indian Councils Act, 1909 Montague and Chelmsford Reforms Proposals and the Government of India Act, 1919 and Dyarchy in the Provinces - Government of India Act of 1935 – Federal System and Provincial Autonomy - Cabinet Mission Proposals – Mountbatten Proposals – The Indian Independence Act of 1947 – The Constituent Assembly – Constitution of India, 1950 – Salient Features - Landmark Constitutional Amendments – 24th and 25th Amendments and Fundamental Rights – 39th Amendment – Election of President, Vice President, Prime Minister and Speaker beyond Judicial Scrutiny – 42nd Amendment – Changes to Preamble, Inclusion of Fundamental Duties - Far reaching changes in the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary – 44th Amendment, Nullification of most of the Provisions of the 42nd Amendment – 52nd Amendment, Anti Defection Law – 61st Amendments – Lower Voting Age – 72nd and 73rd Amendments - Panchayat and Nagar Palika Acts.
HIS E 101: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA 1858 – 1947
Introduction – Scientific Tradition in India – Introduction of Modern Sciences by the Europeans – Asiatic Society of Bengal Zoological Survey of India – Botanical Survey – Geographical Survey – Trigonometrical Survey – Development of Metorological and Astronomical Sciences – Learned Instituted for Development of Science – Indiansociation for the Cultivation Science – Indian Science Congress Association – Institution of Engineers – National Academy of Sciences – Indian National Science Academy – Medical Education and Research – Technical Education and Research – Agricultural Education and Research – Veterinary Science – Agriculture and Irrigation – Food Crops – commercial Crops – Plantation Crops – Engineering and Industry – Cottage Industry – Rural & Urban Arts and Crafts – Transport and Communication – Roads and Bridges – Harbours – Ports and Lighthouses – Waterways – Great Scientists – s. Ramanujam, J.C. Bose – C.V. Raman – role of Universities and Scientific Institutions.
HIS E 102: HISTORY OF PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN MODERN INDIA
Introduction - Agricultural Condition and Agrarian Structure during the British Period - Peasant Struggles in Kerala and Land reforms since 1900 - Peasant Unions - The Indian National Congress and the Peasants – Gandhi and Peasant Struggles -Champran, Bardoli and Oudh - Formation of Kisan Sabhas -Left Parties -Peasant Struggles on the eve of Independence, Tebhaga Movement in Bengal (1946 -47) –Telengana Peasant outbreak (1946 -51) and the Varlis revolt in Western India -Peasant Organisations in Tamilnadu -Tamilaga Vivasayigal Sangam -Peasant Movement in Vedasendur -Welfare Measures for Peasants
HIS C 105: SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN MODERN INDIA
Introduction: Social and Religious Conditions during the 18th Century – Christian Missionary Activities – Muslim Reformist Movements – Aligarh Movement – Ahamadiya Movement – The 19th Century Renaissance – Social and Cultural Reawakening Hindu Reform and Revivalist Movements – Brahma Samaj – Arya Samaj – Prarthana Samaj – Ramakrishna Mission – Theosophical Movement - Regeneration of Indian Women – Social injustice against women (female infanticide, child marriage dowry system, Sati etc.) – Women’s Education – Rise of Women’s Organisation – Social Legislation for Women’s Progress – Women Liberation Movement – Muthulakshmi Reddy – Social change in Contemporary India – The Depressed Classes Movement Dr. Ambedhkar – Veerasalinga Panthulu – E.V. Ramaswamy.
HIS C 106: FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA
Introduction – Early uprising against the British Rule before 1857 – The Revolt of 1857 – Factors leading to the Emergence of Indian Nationalism – Founding of the Indian National Congress – Moderate Nationalism 1885 to 1905 – Growth of Extremism – Partition of Bengal 1905 – Swadeshi and Boycott Movements – Congress Split, 1907 – Government Response – Minto Morley Reforms – Revolutionary Trends at home and abroad for India’s Freedom Home Rule Movement – Lucknow Pact, 1916 – Impact of the I World War – Rowlatt Act and Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre – Montagu – Chelmsford Reforms Gandian Era – Non-Cooperation Movement – Khilafat Movement – Swarajist Party – Simon Commission – Lahour Congress – Civil Disobedience Movement – round Table Conference – Government of India Act, 1935 – Impact of World War II – Sybash Chandra Bose and the INA – Jinna and Muslim Separation – August Offer – Cripps Mission – Quit India Movement – Cabinet Mission – Mountbatten Plan – Partition and Independence, 1947.
HIS C 107: ECONOMIC HISTORY OF INDIA 1858 – 1947
Indian Economy on the eve of the British Rule -Trade under the East India Company and the Economic Drain from India -Land Tenure and Revenue Settlements under British Rule - Agriculture -Policy and Development -Commercialisation of Agriculture - Irrigation - Famine and Famine Administration -Peasants Conditions - Industries -Policy and Development -Indigenous and Major Industries - Cotton, Textile, Jute, Iron and Steel, Sugar and Chemical- Labour problems and Labour Legislation - Transport and Communication -Policy and Development -Roadways - Railways -Waterways -Communication Modernisation and Development - Post and Telegraph -Telephones and Radio - Trade and Commerce -Internal Trade -External Trade -Principal Trade Centres in India -Trade Organisations.
HIS C 108: HISTORY OF LABOUR MOVEMENTS IN INDIA
Introduction - British Labour Movements and their impact on Indian Labour - Russian Revolution and its impact on Indian Labour - Trade Union Movement from 1875 - 1920 - Establishment of All India Trade Union Movement in 1920 - Growth of Trade Union Movement from 1920 -1947 -The role of the Indian National Congress and Trade Union Movement Expansion –Labour Involvement in Freedom Struggle - Federations of Labour Unions - AITUC - INTUC - HMS - UTUC – Labour Laws - I.L.O. – Labour Welfare Measures in Independent India - Trade Unionism and its effect on the Indian Economy.
HIS E 103: TOURISM PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
Tourism – Definition, Need and Scope – Origin and Growth – Kinds of Tourism – Cultural, Pilgrimage, etc., - Tourism and Culture – People’s instinct for travel – Tourism
as an economic activity – Tourism as a Merchandise – Domestic and International Tourism – Employment Potential – Tourism Centres in India - Tourism Infrastructure – Accommodation – Hotels and Motels – Transport – Role of Travel Agencies – Ticketing - Tourism Administration and Organisation – Government Departments and Non Government Agencies – Indian Tourism Development Corporation - Tourism Industry in Tamilnadu – Tourist Centres in Tamilnadu – Tamilnadu Tourism Development Corporation – Objectives and Functions.
HIS E 104: ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
Definition – Scope – Eco-system – Bondage between human civilization and Ecology, Natures Balance, Preservation – Environment and Culture – Conservation – Green House Effect – Global warming – Ozone – Bio-diversity – Environment in the Indian Cultural Tradition – Colonial environment policy: Forest Management – Resistance to Forest Management: Kumaun and Garhwar’s region – the Utar and Forest Movements of 1921 – Social Protest in U.P., 1921-42 – Impact on Nationalism – Forest Satyagraha – Karnataka - Environmental threats: Water Pollution – Air Pollution – Land Degradation – Hazardous Wastes – Industrial Pollution – Environmental Movements – Chipko Movement - Protest against Narmada Project – Protective Measures – Govt. Legislations – Courts - Activist – Babha Amte – Metha Patkar.
HIS C 109: HISTORY OF WORLD CIVILIZATIONS (EXCLUDING INDIA) ANCIENT PERIOD
Introduction -Definition of Civilization -Comparison between Culture and Civilization -Origin and Growth of Civilizations -Pre-historic Culture - Paleolithic and Neolithic Culture - River Valley Civilizations -Egyptian Civilization -Mesopotomian Civilization -Sumerican, Babylonian, Assyrian and Chaldean Cultures - Persian Civilization -Hebrew Civilization - Chinese Civilization -Japanese Civilization -Maya, Aztec and Inca Civilizations.
HIS C 110: INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA
Introduction - Definition of Intellectual History - Political Thinkers - The Liberals: M.G.Ranade – S.N.Banerjee - Revolutionary Thinkers – Tilak – Lajpat Rai – B.C. Pal – Mahatma Gandhi – Jawaharlal Nehru - Social Thought: Iswarchandra Vidyasagar – B.R.Ambedkar – E.V.R. Periyar – Vinoba Bhave – Jayaprakash Narayan - Socialist and Communist Thought: M.N.Roy – Ram Manohar - Lohia – S.A.Dange - Literateurs: Rabindranath Tagore – Subramania Bharathi – Thiru. Vi. Ka. - Sarojini Naidu – Bharathidasan.
HIS C 111 HISTORIOGRAPHY AND METHODOLOGY
Definition and Meaning - Nature and Scope - Value of History - Branches of History - (Political, Economic, Social and Cultural) History and other Social Sciences -Role of Allied Subjects in the study of History - Structure and Form of History - History as Science or Art -Philosophy of History - Trends in Historiography -Ancient, Medieval and Modern -Recent Trends - Subaltern Studies and Annales School - Research Methodology - Selection of Topic - Hypothesis - Collection of Data - Classification of Sources - Historical Criticism - Objectivity in Writing History -Synthesis and Interpretation - Exposition - Foot Note – Bibliography.
HIS C 112: STUDIES IN HUMAN RIGHTS
Definition of Human Rights – Nature, Content, Legitimacy and Priority – Theories on Human Rights – Historical Development of Human Rights International Human Rights – Prescription and Enforcement upto World War II 0 Human Rights and the U.N.O. – Universal Declaration of Human Rights – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Optional Protocol –other U,.N. Human Rights Declarations – U.N. Human Rights Declaration – U.N Human Rights Commission. Amnesty International – Human Rights and Helsinki Process – Regional Developments – European Human Rights system – African Human Rights System – International Human Rights in Domestic Courts. Contemporary issues on Human Rights: Children’s Rights – Women’s Rights – Bonded Labour and Wages – Refugees – Capital Punishment. Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution – Directive Principles of State Policy – fundamental Duties – National Human Rights Commission.
HIS E 105: WOMEN IN INDIA THROUGH THE AGES
Women in Ancient India – Vedic – Jainism and Buddhism – Women in Middle Ages – Impact of Islam on Indian women – Women in British India – Western Education and Ideals – Social and Religious Reform Movements of 19th Century – Women in National Movement – Women in Post-Independence Era – women’s Organisations – women’s Liberation Movement – Women in Profession and Public life.
HIS C 113: HISTORY OF WORLD CIVILIZATIONS (EXCLUDING INDIA) MEDIEVAL AND MODERN
Middle Ages: Rise and spread of Christianity -The Papay -Byzantine Civilization -Rise and Spread of Islam -Saracenic Civilization - Feudalism -Origin -Merits and Demerits -Crusades -Causes and Results - Monastic Orders of Medieval Europe -Growth of Medieval Cities -Progress of Education and Rise of Universities - Transition to Modem Age -Renaissance -Causes -Renaissance in Italy- Results of Renaissance -Geographical Discoveries of 15th and 16th centuries -Causes, Course and Results -Reformation in Germany, France and Switzerland -Counter Reformation - French Revolution and its Impact -Romanticism -Industrial and Agrarian Revolutions -Causes, Course and Results - Nationalism Vs Internationalism -League of Nations -United Nations Organization -Science, Philosophy, Art & Literature during the Contemporary World
HIS C 114: CONTEMPORARY HISTORY OF INDIA
Process of National Consolidation – Integration of Native States – Making of the Constitution – Indian Republic and the Parliamentary Democracy – Linguistic Reorganization of States, 1956 – Nehru Era, 1947-64 – Democratic Socialism – Foreign Policy – Post Nehru Era – Shastri Years (1964-66) – India under Indira Gandhi – Advent of Janata Government – India under Rajiv Gandhi – Political Realignments and Emergence of National Front Government – India in World Affairs – Secularism and Communal Polarization – Mandal Commission Report – Dalit Movement – Politisation of Religion – Regional Politics – five Year Plans and Economic Development – Liberalisation – Privatisation & Globalisation – Population Growth, ecology and Environment issues – Growth of Science and Technology – Educational and Cultural Progress.
HIS C 115: INDIA AND HER NEIGHBOUR
India’s Foreign Policy since Independence from Nehru to Rajiv Gandhi – Regional Organizations for peace and mutual cooperation – NAM and SAARC – India and Pakistan – Kashmir issue – Areas of Conflict, Crisis and Cooperation – Indo-Pakistan Wars – Birth of Bangladesh – Indo-Bangladesh Relations – India and China – Tibetan issue – China’s invasion of Tibet – Strains in Sino-Indian Relations – Normalisation Process – India’s Relations with the Himalayan Kingdoms, Nepal and Bhutan – India’s Relations with Burma – India and Indian Ocean Countries – Indo-Sri Lankan Relations – Tamil Ethnic Problem – India’s Intervention – Indian Peace Keeping Force – India and Maldives.
HIS E 106: DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA SINCE 1947
Introduction - A Survey of the Development of Science and Technology under the British Rule - Government of India's Science and Technology Policy since 1950 - Department of Science and Technology - Research and Development Programme - Science and Technology programmes for Socio-Economic Development - Development of Agricultural Science - Research and Education - Agricultural Engineering and Technology - Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Crop Science and Horticulture - Animal Science and Veterinary colleges - Biotechnology Development - Crop and Animal Bio-technology - Development of Space Science - Development of Satellite Systems- INST AT System - Electronic Developments and Production - Information Technology – I. T. Act 2000 - Telecommunication - Software Technology Parks -I. T for the Masses - Higher Technology Development - Atomic Science - Atom for Peace - Atomic Energy and Nuclear Power Programme - Atom for War and Pokhran I & II - Oceanography - Ocean Development - Marine Living Resources and Non - living Resources - Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology - Polar Science and Antartic Expeditions - Institute Connected with Ocean Research.
HIS E 107: ARCHIVES KEEPING
History of Archives -Archives keeping in Europe -Archives keeping in India -Importance of Archives - Creation of Archives -Materials used for the creation of Archives -Packing Materials and Seals -Establishment of Registry -Filing system of Records - Preservation of Archive Materials in India and European Countries - Methods of Preservation -Laminations -Reprography -Automation- Retrieval Tools - Functions -Uses of Archives -Rules and Regulations - Archival Organisations - National Archives of India -Tamilnadu Archives- Private Archives - International Council of Archives -Indian Historical Records Commission (IHRC) -The Historical Manuscripts Commission.
M.Phill. HISTORICAL STUDIES
(Choice Based Credit System)
COURSE CONTENTS (REVISED) FROM 2007-2008
Course Code Title of the Course C/E/S/ Credit
L T P C
Semester I
HIS C 101 Historiography and Historical Methods Core 4 1 0 5
HIS C 102 Economic History of Modern India Core 4 1 0 5
HIS E 101 Constitutional History of India 1858 – 1950 Elective 4 1 0 5
HIS E 102 Social and Cultural History of Modern Tamil Nadu 1800 - 1976 Elective 4 1 0 5
Semester II
HIS C 103 Dissertation and Viva-Voce C 21
COURSE CONTENTS:
HIS C 101: HISTORIOGRAPHY AND HISTORICAL METHODS
Historicism and Modern Historiography – Enlightenment Historiography – Romanticist Historiography – Positivist Historiography – Marxist Interpretation of History – The Annals School – The American Historiography – Subaltern Studies – The Oral History – South Indian Historiography – S. Krishnaswamy Iyengar – K.M. Panikkar – Nilakanta Sastri – Sathianathaier – North Indian Historiography – J. N. Sarkar – R. C. Majumdar – Nationalist Historians – Historical Research – Choosing a Topic for Research - Hypothesis – Historical Method – Thesis writing – Bibliography – Primary sources and secondary sources.
HIS C102: ECONOMIC HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA
Establishment pf British Rule – State of Indian Economy prior to the Establishment of the British rule – Land Tenure Systems: Jagirdari, Zamindari, Ryotwari – Khalsa Land – Land Revenue Settlements in Bengal, Bombay and Madras Presidencies – Agriculture: A Survey – Agricultural Policy – Commercialisation of Indian Agriculture – Irrigation Development – Famines and Famine Administration – Industries: Rise of Modern industries – Evolution of an industrial policy – small scale industries – Transport and communication Development in India – Growth of Trade and Commerce.
HIS E 101: CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF INDIA 1858 – 1950
Constitutional Development under the Crown’s Rule – the Act of 1858 – The Indian council’s Acts, 1861 and1892 – Indian National Movement and Constitutional Development – Minto-Morley Reform Proposals and the Indian council’s Act, 1909 – Montagu Chelmsford Reforms and the Government of India Act of 1919 – Diarchy in the Province – Demands of the Indian National Congress and Constitutional Developments – the Government of India Act of 1935 – Scheme for Federal Set-up – Dyarchy at the Centre – The Indian Independence Act, 1947 – The Republican Constitution of India, 1950 – Its salient features – The President – The Parliament – The Judiciary – Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy – State Governments.
HIS E 103: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF
MODERN TAMILNADU 1800 - 1976
Political, Economic and Social conditions of Tamil Nadu by the end of 18th century – Social condition – Caste system and position of women – Social Reform Movements – Self Respect Movement – Backward Class Movement – Depressed classes Movement – Social Legislation – Economic condition – Land Revenue System – Peasant condition – Industries and Labour – Education – Introduction of Western Education – Christian Missionary Endeavour – primary, Secondary and Higher Education growth – Professional and Technical Education Development of Science and Technology – Women’s Education – Education of the Depressed Classes – Education and Culture - Development of Tamil Language and Literature – Tamil Renaissance Development of Fine Arts – Music – The Tamil Icai Movement – Dance.
The School of Historical Studies consists of Department of Indian History and Department of Ancient History and Archaeology.
The University of Madras created the department of Indian History and Archaeology as the first faculty of the University in 1914 and it was headed successively by eminent historians like Dr.S.Krishnaswamy Iyengar, Prof.K.A.Nilakanta Sastry, Prof.K.K.Pillay and others. The department was bifurcated into departments of Indian History and Ancient History and Archaeology in 1959. Dr.T.V.Mahalingam was the first Professor of Ancient History and Archaeology, a renowned Archaeologist and Epigraphist.
The Department of Ancient History and Archaeology has special interests in Epigraphy and Numismatics, Tamil Culture and Applied Archaeology. It offers Masters and . programmes.
The Department of Indian History specializes on Economic History and Urban Studies. It offers Masters, M.Phil and . programmes.
Faculty
Dr.A.Ekambaranathan, Ph.D. - Chairperson
Ancient History and Archaeology
A. Ekambaranathan, Ph.D. - Professor and Head
P.D. Balaji, Ph.D. - Lecturer
P.Jeyakumar, Ph.D. - Lecturer
J.Soundararajan, Ph.d. - Lecturer
Indian History
G. Venkataraman, Ph.D. - Professor and Head
S. Kuppusamy, Ph.D. - Lecturer
S.S.Sundaram - Lecturer
M.A. ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
M.A. ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
(Choice Based Credit System)
COURSE CONTENTS (REVISED) FROM 2007-2008
Eligibility for Admission
A candidate who has passed any Bachelor’s Degree Examination of this University or an examination of other Universities accepted by the Syndicate as equivalent thereto.
Semester No Course title Credit C/E/S Faculty
I HIS C
001 History of South India up to A.D. 1565 . 4 C P.Jayakumar
HIS C
002 Pre and Proto history of India 4 C P.D.Balaji
HIS C
003 Principles and practices of Tourism 4 C J. Soundararajan
HIS E
001 Indian Paintings 3 E A.Ekambaranathan
HIS E
002 Archaeological Studies in India 3 E J. Soundararajan
HIS E
003 Introduction to Archaeology 3 E P.D.Balaji
UOM S 001 Soft Skill * 2 S Campus level teaching
II HIS C
004 History of North India up to A.D. 1206 4 C P.Jayakumar
HIS C
005 Indian Temple Architecture 4 C A.Ekambaranathan
HIS C
006 Field work and Exploration 4 C All Faculty
HIS E
004 Early Historical Archaeology of Tamil Nadu. 3 E P.D.Balaji
HIS E
005 An Introduction to the Cultural History of Tamil Nadu. 3 E J.Soundararajan
UOM S 002 Soft Skill * 2 S Campus level teaching
III HIS C
007 Indian Epigraphy and Palaeography 4 C P.Jayakumar
HIS C
008 Indian Numismatics 4 C J.Soundararajan
HIS C
009 Tourism in India 4 C P.D.Balaji
HIS C
010 Iconography 4 C A.Ekambaranathan
HIS E
006 Marine Archaeology 3 E P.Jayakumar
HIS E
007 Cultural History of Tamil Nadu up to A.D. 1565 3 E A.Ekambaranathan
HIS E
008 Epigraphical Studies in India 3 E P.Jayakumar
HIS E
009 South Indian Coins 3 E J.Soundararajan
UOM S 003 Soft Skill * 2 S Campus level teaching
UOM I 001 Internship ** 2 S
IV HIS C
011 Principles and Methods of Archaeology 4 C A.Ekambaranathan
HIS C
012 Museology 4 C P.D.Balaji
HIS C
013 Cultural Tourism in India 4 C J.Soundararajan
HIS C
014 Excavation and Report 8 C All Faculty
HIS E
010 Science and Archaeology 3 E P.Jayakumar
HIS E
011 Archaeological Conservation 3 E P.D.Balaji
HIS E
012 History of Architecture in Tamil Nadu 3 E A.Ekambaranathan
HIS E
013 South Indian Sculpture 3 E J.Soundararajan
UOM S 004 Soft Skill * 2 S Campus level teaching
* Exact title will be decided at campus level
** Exact title will be decided by the Department
COURSE CONTENTS
HIS C
001 HISTORY OF SOUTH INDIA UP TO A.D. 1565 C 3 1 0 4 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective
A comprehensive study of political, social and cultural history of South India from 3rd century B.C. to A.D. 1565. The political achievements of the Sangam dynasties, Pallavas, Pandyas and Cholas in Tamil Nadu are highlighted. The achievements of the Deccan kingdoms like the Satavahanas, the Chalukyas Rashtrakutas are also studied. The various feudatory dynasties and their role in the political and social evolution in South India are also highlighted. The growth of the State in South India, and the economy are included.
UNIT 1: Sources - Archaeological, literary and epigraphical – Pre Sangam age - Sangam Age: kingdoms of the Sangam period - Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas; Satavahanas: political and cultural achievements.
UNIT 2: Pallavas and Pandyas: Political and Social history; Western Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas – Feudatories: Velir, Banas, Vaidumbas, Paluvettariayars, Nolambas.
UNIT 3: The Cholas: political, social and economic achievements; Later Pandya rule – Kadavarayas, Telugu Chodas – Muslim invasions.
UNIT 4: Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas, Eastern Chalukyas, Kakatiyas; political and social conditions – relations with Tamil country.
UNIT 5: Establishement of Vijayanagara rule in South India – achievements - Changes in politico social conditions; Bahmini Sultanate – Developments in Deccan and social conditions.
Books For Reference:
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A., A History of South India: From the Earliest times to Vijayanagar, Oxford, 1958.
Mahalingam, T.V., South Indian Polity, University of Madras, Chennai, 1967
Subramaniam, N., Sangam Polity
Subramaniam, N., Chopra, P.M. and Ravindran, T.K., History of South India
Burton Stein (ed), Essays of South India.
Burton Stein, Peasant State and Society in South India, Oxford, .
Nilakantasastri, K.A., The Colas, University of Madras, Chennai, 1975.
Yazdani, G., Early History of the Deccan.
Alteker, A.S., Rastrakutas and their times.
Mahalingam, T.V., Kanchipuram in Early Indian History, Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1969.
Mahalingam, T.V., South Indian Polity, University of Madras, Chennai, 1955.
Minakshi, C., Administration and Social life under the Pallavas, University of Madras, Chennai, .
Krishnaswamy, A., Topics in South Indian History.
Mahalingam, T.V., Administration and Soical Life Under Vijayanagar, University of Madras, Chennai,
Nilakanta Sastry, K.A., The Pandyan Kingdom, Swathi Publications, Chennai, 1982.
Nilakanta Sastry, K.A., Foreign Notices of South India from Megasthenese to Ma Huan, University of Madras, Chennai, 2000,
Bhandarkar, R.G., Vaishanavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems,
Noboru Karashima, History and Society in South India: The Cholas to Vijayanagar, Oxford, 2001.
Hall, Kenneth R., Trade and Statecraft in the Age of the Colas, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 1980.
Champakalakshmi, R., Trade, Ideology and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, Oxford, 1996.
Shanmugam, P., Revenue Sysem under the Cholas, New Era Publications, Chennai,
Subbarayalu, Y., Political Geography of the Chola Country, Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 1977.
Subbarayaly, Y., Studies in Cola History, Surabi Pathippakam, Chennai, 2001.
Govindasawmy, M.S., The Role of Feudatories in Later Chola History, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 1979.
Balambal, V., Feudatories in South India,
Dinakaran, A.J., The Second Pandyan Empire, 1190-1312, Madurai, 1987.
Sethuraman, N., The Imperial Pandyas, Kumbakonam, 1978.
Raman, K.V., Pandiyar Varalaru, Tamilnadu Text Book Society, Chennai,
Abraham, Meera., Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India, Manohar, New Delhi, 1988.
Appadorai, A., Economic Conditions in Southern India, University of Madras, Chennai, 1936.
Swaminathan, S., The Early Cholas: History, Art and Culture, Sharada Publishing House, Delhi, 1998.
Himanshu P. Ray, The Winds of Change: Buddhism and the Maritime Links of Early South Asia, Oxford, 1994.
Himanshu P. Ray, Monastery and Guild: Commerce under the Satavahanas, Oxford, 1986.
Romila Thapar, Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1998.
Ramendra Nath Nandi, State Formation, Agrarian Growth and Social Change in Feudal South India, c. AD. 600-1200, Manohar, 2000.
Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
HIS C
002 PRE AND PROTO HISTORY OF INDIA C 3 1 0 4 P.D.Balaji
Course Objective
A detailed study of the earliest cultures of India till the dawn of history. Study is based on various archaeological sources and their interpretation. The origin and evolution of man and his habitat and the making of stone tools, techniques, distribution, and cultural background of the stone age peoples from the old stone age to the iron ages in India are included.
UNIT 1: Definition and scope of pre and proto history – sources - stone tools, bones and fossils-interpretation - importance to pre proto history – geology – glacial periods
UNIT 2: Palaeolithic age – River Terraces- Lower Palaeolithic – Middle Palaeolithic – Upper Palaeolithic - distribution and tool types and techniques;. Life of the palaeolithic people -Mesolithic age - distribution and tool types and techniques - life of the mesolithic people
UNIT 3: Neolithic age - origin and evolution - Tools and techniques - Eastern, northern and southern Neolithic cultures - distribution and tools - pottery - life and economy.
UNIT 4: Chalcolithic culture of India - Distribution- pottery and artefacts- The Banas culture – Jorwe culture – Malwa culture – Ahar culture - Harappan culture in north west India: Harappa, Mohenjadaro, Kalibangan, Lothal- Daimabad, - Dolavira – Evolution of town ships
UNIT 5: The Iron age cultures - Painted Grey ware culture in the Ganga-Yamuna valley - Northern Black Polished ware culture-life and economy - Megalithic culture in Deccan and south India - distribution - Burial types, Chamber tombs, Dolmens, Cists etc.; Brahmagiri, Sanur, Amirthamangalam, Adichhcnallur - Grave goods - Pottery - life and economy – Field study
Books For Reference:
Wheeler, R.E.M., Early India and Pakistan, Thames and Hudson, London, 1959.
Sankalia, H.D.,Pre History and Proto History of India and Pakistan, Deccan College, Poona, 1974.
Jain, K.C., Pre History and Proto History of India, Agam Kala Prakhasan, New Delhi, 1979.
Sali, S.M., Stone Age in India, Shankar Publihsers, Aurangabad, 1990.
Leakey, L.S.B.,, Adam's Ancestors, Haroer and Row, New York, 1960.
Oakely, K.P., Man the Tool Maker, The Trustees of the British Musuem, London, 1963.
Sankalia, H.D., Stone Age Tools (Their Techniques, Names and probably functions), Deccan College, Poona, 1964.
The Trustees of the British Museum, Flint Implements : An Account of Stone Age Techniques and Cultures.
Burkitt, M.C., The Old Stone Age: A Study of Palaeolithic Times, Rupa & co., Calcutta, 1963.
Vidula Jayaswal, Palaeohistory of India, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, 1978.
Corol, D.H., Prehistoric Background of Indian Culture.
Agarwal, D.P. and Kharakwal, J.S., South Asian Prehistory, Aryan Books International, New Delhi, 2002.
Irfan Habib, Prehistory, People's History of India, Aligar Historians Society, New Delhi, 2001.
Allchin, Bridget and Raymond., The Birth of Indian Civiliza¬tion,Penguin Books, Hamondsworth, Middlesex, 1968.
Wheeler, R.E.M., Indus Civilization, cambridge University Press, 1953.
Vibha Tripathy, The Painted Grey Ware and Iron Age Culture of North India, Concept Publishing company, Delhi, 1976.
Deo, S.B., Recent Researches in the Chalcolithic and Mega¬lithic Culture of the Deccan, University of Madras, Chennai, .
Narasimhiah, B., Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures in Tamil Nadu, Sundeep Prakashan, Delhi, 1980.
Banerjee, N.R., The Iron Age in India.
Gururaja Rao, B.K., Megalithic Cultures in South India.
Gurumurthy, S., Ceramic Traditions in South India, University of Madras, Chennai, 1981.
Ramachandran, K.S., Archaeology of South India, Tamilnadu, Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi, 1980.
Allchin., The Neolithic Cattle-keepers of South India, Cambridge University Press, 1963.
HIS C
003 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES IN TOURISM C 3 1 0 4 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
The course deals with the scope of tourism and its various practices adopted in the industry. The basic principles and various methods and practices followed in tourism are dealth with in detail.
UNIT 1: Nature and scope of tourism – definition – elements of tourism – principles of tourism –
dimensions of tourisms
UNIT 2: Types of tourism – role of central and state government – national organizations –
international organizations – IUOTO, WTO, PATA, ATA, ICAO
UNIT 3: Tourism marketing – concept, products and markets – market segmentation – marketing
processes and functions – marketing mix
UNIT 4: Tourism promotion – advertising – publicity - public relations – travel literature –
Tourist Resorts – key factors to resort development – attraction of resort – other aspect of
accommodation management
UNIT 5: Tourism as an industry – tourism and economy – foreign exchequer – laws pertaining to
tourism
Books For Reference:
Bhatia, A.K., Tourism Development Principles and Practices
Bijender, K., Tourism Management: Problems and Prospects
Burkart, A. and Medliks, S., Tourism Past, Present and Future
Sinha, P.C. (ed)., International Encyclopedia of Tourism Management (12 volumes)
Kotler, P., Marketing Management, New Delhi, 2001
Rictchie, J.R. Brent , Travel Tourism and Hospitality Research, New York
HIS E
001 INDIAN PAINTINGS E 2 1 0 3 A.Ekambaranathan
Course Objective:
To study the rich heritage of Indian Paintings. To know about the historical development of Indian painting styles from the earliest times to A.D. 1600. Studies the regional and dynastic contribution to the art of painting, reflection of society and its impact on painting.
UNIT 1: Origin and development of painting in India : Early paintings - paintings of different materials – early references to paintings in literature.
UNIT 2: Pre Mauryan Paintings – Mauryan and Pre Gupta paintings; Paintings in South India – Sangam and Satavahana paintings.
UNIT 3: Vakataka paintings – Ajanta; Pallava and Pandya Paintings – Kanchipuram and Sittannavasal.
UNIT 4: Chola paintings- Brihadiswara temple; Rashtrakuta and Hoysala paintings.
UNIT 5: Vijayanagara Paintings – Lepakshi, Hampi and Srirangam. Nayak paintings – Maratta, Rajaput and Mughal paintings.
Books For Reference:
Sivaramamurthi,C., Indian Painting New Delhi, 1970
Sivaramamurthi,C., South Indian Painting, New Delhi, 1968
Mehta, N.C.Studies in Indian Painting, Bombay, 1926.
Archaeological Survey of India, Ajanta, New Delhi, 1980.
Ganguly, O.C., Chola Painting, London, 1935.
Brown, Percy, Indian Painting, Heritage of India Series, Calcutta, 1932.
Ramachandran, T.N., Tirupparuttikkunram and its Temples, Bulletin of Madras Government Museum, Chennai, 1930.
Sivaramamurthy,. C., Vijayanagara Paintings, New Delhi, 1987.
HIS E
002 ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN INDIA E 2 1 0 3 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective :
A historical study of the growth of archaeological research in the Indian Sub-continent. Early archaeological discoveries-formation of the Asiatic society of India - Establishment of the Archaeological Survey of India and its functions and studied. The nature of conservation and the antiquarian laws relating to monuments are studied. Recent developments in the various branches of archaeological studies are given importance.
UNIT 1: Early attempts of discoveries and studies-Foreign and Indian scholar’s contributions – Schilimann, Pitts Rivers. Development of Indian Archaeology – Archaeological Survey of India – its functions.
UNIT 2: Types of Archaeology – Ethno archaeology, Biblical archaeology, Salvage Archaeology; Useful sciences – Biological, Physical and Chemical sciences, other sciences.
UNIT 3: Archaeological Exploration: methods; Excavation: technique, materials, staff; stratigraphy and documentation; preparation of excavation report.
UNIT 4: Archaeological Conservation – basic methods of conservation: organic and inorganic objects; – Archaeological Museums - Central, State and Private museums-their functions.
UNIT 5: Education and research - recent developments – New Archaeology; Under water Archaeology, Remote sensing.
Books For Reference:
Sourindranath Roy, The Story of Indian Archaeology:1784-1947.
Chakrabarti, D. K., History of Indian Archaeology.
Shrimali, K.M. (ed.) Indian Archaeology Since Independence.
Sankalia, H.D., Indian Archaeology Today, Delhi, 1979.
Raman, K.V., Principles and Methods of Archaeology, Chennai, 1984.
Wheeler, R.E.M. Archaeology from the Earth, London, 1954.
Kenyon, K.M., Beginning in Archaeology, New York, 1961.
Ancient India , Vols. 1 -22 , Publications of the Archaeological Survey of India, Relevant portions.
Cultural Forum (pub), Hundred years of Indian Archaeology, New Delhi, 1961
Lenord Wooley, Digging up the past, London, 1954
Robert, H. Brill (ed), Science and Archaeology, London 1971
Zeuner, F.E., Dating the Past, London, 1958.
Graham Clark, Sir Mortimer Wheeler and Indian Archaeology.
HIS E
003 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY E 2 I 0 3 P.D.Balaji
Course Objective
An introductory course on various aspects of Archaeology. Deals with the importance of archaeological studies, its relationship with other sciences. The several branches of archaeology like ethno archaeology and salvage archaeology are introduced. Aspects of archaeological field-work and excavation techniques are also introduced – Epigraphic-Numismatic-monuments-sculptural aspects are studied. Recent developments in Archaeology.
UNIT 1: Scope – Importance of Archaeology - Types of archaeology: Ethno archaeology, Salvage archaeology; Relation with other sciences - Biological, Chemical, Physical and other sciences.
UNIT 2: History of Archaeology in India- Archaeological Survey of India, state and Universities in archaeological studies.
UNIT 3: Exploration of ancient Sites: methods and techniques; Excavation: equipment and Staff, methods of excavation, documentations. Archaeological conservation: chemical and Physical; Conservation of Monuments: techniques.
UNIT 4: Other branches of Archaeology: Pre and protohistoric Archaeology, Epigraphy, Numismatics, Art and Architecture and Sculpture.
UNIT 5: Recent developments in Archaeology: New Archaeology: concepts, Underwater archaeology, Remote Sensing, computer methods.
Books For Reference:
Sourindranath Roy, the Story of Indian Archaeology:1784-1947.
Chakrabarti, D. K., History of Indian Archaeology.
Shrimali, K.M. (ed.) Indian Archaeology Since Independence.
Sankalia, H.D., Indian Archaeology Today, Delhi, 1979.
Raman, K.V., Principles and Methods of Archaeology, Chennai, 1984.
Wheeler, R.E.M. Archaeology from the Earth, London, 1954.
Kenyon, K.M., Beginning in Archaeology, New York, 1961.
UOM S
001 SOFT SKILL * S 2 Campus level teaching
HIS C
004 HISTORY OF NORTH INDIA UP TO A.D. 1206 C 3 1 0 4 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective
A survey of political, social and economic condition of India from the Vedic age to the establishment of Delhi Sultanate. It enables the students to understand the different cultural developments and changes that had taken place during Vedic age, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas, Harsha, Rajputs and Delhi Sultanate. And it also focused on the assimilation of various foreign cultures in India from the earliest times.
UNIT 1: Sources – Vedic culture – economic,social organization and religion – Jainism, Buddhism – Rise of Maghadha – Persian, Greek invasions.
UNIT 2: Mauryan empire: Administration; Post Mauryan period - society, economy, culture and religion – Sungas and their Contributions - Indo Greek kingdoms - cultural fusion.
UNIT 3: Rise of the Gupta empire – administration – social and economic condition – Gupta literature, developments in science; Invasion of Huns and decline of the Guptas; Vakatakas and their contribution –
UNIT 4: Pushyabhutis- Harsha – Arab conquest of Sind – Cultural and literary contributions - foreign contacts.
UNIT 5: Rise of Kanuaj - Rule of the Palas, Chandellas, Prathiharas, Chauahans ane Paramaras: their contribution to Indian culture : Md.Gazni – Md. Ghori – its impact on Indian culture - Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.
Books For Reference:
Altekar, A.S..State and Government in Ancient India
Bhasyam, A.L The Wonders that was India
Devahutti, D. Harsha
Elliot and Dawson, History of India as told by Historians
Habib and Nizami, Comprehensive History of India
Nilakantasastri, K.A. The Age of Nandas and Mauryas
Romila Thapar, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, Oxford, 1973.
Romila Thapar, Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1998.
Romila Thapar, From Lineage to State (Social Formations in the Middle First Millennium B.C. in the Ganga Valley ), Oxford, 1984.
Jain, V.K., Trade and Traders in Western India (A.D. 1000 - 1300), Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1990.
Jha, D. N., Revenue System in Post-Maurya and Gupta Times, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, 1967.
Jha, D.N., Studies in Early Indian Economic History, Anupama Publications, New Delhi, 1980.
Kosambi, D. D., An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Popular Book Depot, Bombay, 1956.
Sharma, R.S., Indian Feudalism c. A.D. 300 – 1200, Macmillan India Ltd., 1980.
Sharma, R.S., Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India, Macmillan India Ltd., 1983.
Raychaudhari, H.C., Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta, 1972.
Ranabir Chakravarti, Trade and Traders in Early Indian Society, Manohar, New Delhi, 2002.
HIS C
005 INDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE C 3 1 0 4 A. Ekambaranathan
Course Objective
The course deals with the origin and development of Temple Art, Architecture and sculptural art from the earliest times to the medieval period. The various temple architectural and sculptural styles are studied with a historical background.
UNIT 1: Origin and development of temple architecture – its absence in Indus and Vedic periods – Mauryan rock – cut temples and colums – Sunga and Kushana architecture vestiges
UNIT 2: Early art and Architectural development in South India – Satavahana’s contribution – Rock cut and structural – experimentation of temple style under the Gupta – Nagara style
UNIT 3: Development of temple architecture under the Pallavas and Early Pandyas – their stylistical features – visits to some monuments
UNIT 4: Rock-cut and structural temples of the Badami Chalukyas and Rastrakutas – Orissan School of Architecture
UNIT 5: Culmination of Dravida style – contribution of the Imperial Cholas – Visits to some temples – Vijayanagara temple architecture - gopura
Books For Reference:
Edith Tomory, A History of Fine Arts in India and the West, Chennai, 1977
Saraswati, S.K., Survey of Indian Sculpture, Calcutta, 1951
Sivaramamurthi, C., Indian Sculpture, Bombay, 1961
Vincent Smith, History of Fine Arts in India and Ceylon, Bombay, 1962
Krishnadeva, H, Temples of North India, New Delhi, 1977.
Miechael W.Meister, Dhaky, M.A., Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple architecture, Vol.I & II. 1988.
Srinivasan, K.R., Temples of South India, New Delhi, 1998
Percy Brown, Indian Architecture.
Roy C. Craven, Indian Art.
Sivaramamurthy, C., Amaravthi Sculptures, Government Museum, Chennai, 1977.
Srinivasan, K.R., Cave Temples of the Pallavas, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1981.
Jonna Gottfried, Williams, The Art of Gupta India, New Delhi, 1983.
Ganguli, O.C., Andhra Sculptures, Hyderabad, 1994.
Soundara Rajan, K.V., Cave Temples of Deccan, Archaeological Survey of Indian, 1981.
Balasubramaniyan, S.R., Early Chola Temples, Orient Longman, 1971
Balasubramaniyan, S.R., Middle Chola Temples, Thomson Press India Ltd., 1975
Balasubramaniyan, S.R., Later Chola Temples, Mudgala Trust, 1979
HIS C
006 FIELD WORK AND EXPLORATION C 1 1 2 4 All Faculty
Course Objective
A fieldwork relating to archaeological exploration. The students have to undertake explorations and field work in any number of sites furnished infra and a detailed report on following aspect.
1. Archaeology of any of the two sites visited
1. Atti¬rampakkam, 2.Gudiyam, 3. Nambakkam, 4. Sanur, 5. Amirthmangalam, 6. Appukkallu, 7. Mallapadi, 8. Paiyampalli., 9. Adichchanallur, 10. Sittannavasal, 11. Kodumanal, 12. Tiruvakkarai, 13. Sayarpuram, 14. Dharmapuri
2. Tourism prospects in any of the two sites visited
2. Shore temple (Mamallapuram), 2. Five rathas ( Mamallapuram), 3. Cave temples (Mamallapuram), 4. Kailasanatha temple (Kanchip¬uram), 5. Brihadiswara temple (Gangaikondacholapuram), 6. Briha¬disvara temple (Thanjavur), 7. Jalakandeswara temple (Vellore Fort), 8. Siva temple (Virincipuram), 9. Varadharaja swamy Temple (Kanchipuram), 10. Nageswaraswami temple (Kumbakonam), 11.Airavatesvara Temple (Darasuram), 12.Muvar Koil (Kodumbalur), 13. Vijyalaya cholisvaram (Narthamalai), 14. Lower and Upper Rock cut Temples (Tiruchirappalli), 15. Cave Temple (Tirupparankunram), 16. Cave Temple (Anamalai), 17. Vettuvan Koil (Kalugumalai), 18. Tiruvaliswaram Temple (Ambasamudram) 19. Hampi (Karnataka)
HIS E
004 EARLY HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF TAMIL NADU E 2 1 0 3 P.D.Balaji
Course Objective
A study of cultural history of the Pre Iron age cultures in Tamil Nadu. Deals with the origin and distribution of the Iron Age and Megalithic structures like dolmens and cists. Deals with the important excavations of megaliths. Studies the various types of pottery, socio economic aspects, trade and technological developments.
UNIT 1: Scope and Definition - Sources – importance of early historical archaeology - Sangam Literature - Pre Iron age conditions - Relations with other regions - Recent studies - Iron age cultures in India - distribution, social life and economy.
UNIT 2: Ceramic traditions in Tamilnadu - Black and red ware, Red ware, Black ware, red slipped ware, russet coated ware, coarse red ware - foreign potteries – Significance of graffiti and its relation to Harappan script
UNIT 3: South Indian Megaliths - distribution - Koduma¬nal, Mangudi, - construction- burial types, structural grave goods - pottery - economy.
UNIT 4: Excavations at Modur, Alagankulam, Arikamedu(1990-1995), Kaveripumpattinam, Uraiyur, Perur, Palur, Thirukkoyilur
UNIT 5: Town planning – Irrigation and Agriculture - Trade and industries - Technology; Religious ideas - social life - outside influence- structural materials - mud, brick, stone etc., - plan of structures- other artefacts.
Books For Reference:
Allchin, Bridget and Raymond., The Birth of Indian Civiliza¬tion, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1968.
Deo, S.B., Recent Researches in the Chalcolithic and Mega¬lithic Culture of the Deccan, University of Madras,.
Narasimhiah, B., Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures in Tamil Nadu, Sundeep Prakashan, Delhi, 1980.
Banerjee, N.R., The Iron Age in India.
Gururaja Rao, B.K., Megalithic Cultures in South India.
Gurumurthy, S., Ceramic Traditions of South India.
Ramachandran, K.S., Archaeology of South Indai: Tamilnadu, Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi, 1980.
Peter Francis, Jr. Bead Emporium: A guide to the Beads from Arikamedu in the Pondicherry Museum.
Vimala Begley and Richard Daniel De Puma,(eds.) Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade, Oxford, 1992.
Related Excavation Reports published by the Archaeological Survey of India, State Department of Archaeology(Tamilnadu) and University of Madras
HIS E
005 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CULTURAL HISTORY OF TAMILNADU E 2 1 0 3 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
A study of cultures of the pre megalithic period in Tamil Nadu. the development of neolithic culture and its distribution. The iron age and Megalithic burials are studied. Some of the excavations of the historical period like Kaverippumpatinam are studied. The settlement pattern, urbanization etc. are also highlighted.
UNIT 1: Introduction to Proto history - definition - sources: excavated artefacts, Literary and inscriptional - interpretation.- Neolithic and Chaclolithic origins - Distribution and cultural significance.
UNIT 2: Iron age cultures in India - distribution, Megaliths - distribution - burial types, structural grave goods - Early historical period - excavations - Arikkamedu, Kaverippumpattinam, Uraiyur and Kodumanal - .social life and economy.
UNIT 3: Settlement pattern - Structures: structural materials - mud, brick, stone etc., - plan of structures - Pottery - Black and red ware, Red ware, Black ware, Foreign pottery..
UNIT 4: Economy - Irrigation and Agriculture - Trade and industries - Technology - Urbanization.
UNIT 5: Social and Religious ideas - social life - outside influence.
Books For Reference:
Allchin, Bridget and Raymond., The Birth of Indian Civiliza¬tion.
Deo, S.B., Recent Researches in the Chalcolithic and Mega¬lithic Culture of the Deccan.
Narasimhiah, B., Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures of Tamil Country.
Banerjee, N.R., The Iron Age in India.
Gururaja Rao, B.K., Megalithic Cultures in South India.
Gurumurthy, S., Ceramic Traditions of South India.
Ramachandran, K.S., Archaeology of Tamilnadu.
Peter Francis, Jr. Bead Emporium: A guide to the Beads from Arikamedu in the Pondicherry Museum.
Vimala Begley and Richard Daniel De Puma,(eds.) Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade, Oxford, 1992.
UOM S
002 SOFT SKILL * S 2 Campus level teaching
HIS C
007 INDIAN EPIGRAPHY AND PALAEOGRAPHY C 3 1 0 4 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective
It is a study on the origin and development of scripts in India. It deals with the various scripts from the Vedic period to Medieval period. The paper discusses elaborately on the ancient scripts such as Brahmi, Tamil Brahmi, Grantha and Vatteluthu – its origin and development of writing and their use as a primary source for understanding the ancient past.
UNIT 1: Origin of writing in general - Ancient systems of writing- Origin and history of writing in India - Indus script - decipherments attempts - Antiquity of writing in India.
UNIT 2: Asokan Brahmi script - theories of origin - history of deci¬pherment - palaeography. Kharoshti script - origin and decline - Development of Brahmi script - North Indian scripts
UNIT 3: Origin of writing in South India - History of decipherment of South Indian scripts- Evolution of South Indian scripts - Tamil-Brahmi, Vatteluttu and Grantha
UNIT 4: Study of Inscriptions: Asokan, Gupta, Satavahana inscrip¬tions. Types of inscriptions - format of Tamil in¬scriptions - Pallava, Chola, Pandya, and Vijayanagara inscriptions. Writing materials - authenticity; eras .
UNIT 5 : Study of Inscriptions - (Inscriptions prescribed for study) – Field study – training in deciphering script – taking estampages
1.Asokan Edicts-Rock Edict No.XIII (Corpus Inscriptionum Indicorum, vol.I. pp.66-70.).
2.The Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela (Epigraphia Indi¬ca, vol. XX, No.7, pp. 71 - 89).
3.Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta (Corpus In¬scriptionum Indicorum, vol.III, p.1.).
4.Aihole Inscription of Pulakesin II (Epigraphia Indica, vol.VI, p.1.).
5. Pulimankombai Inscriptions (Avanam vol. 17, pp.1-5)
6. Brahmi Inscriptions of Mangulam, (I.Mahadevan, Early Tamil Epigraphy ).
7. Irulappatti hero stone inscriptions, (Epigraphia Indica, Vol.XXXIX, No.32, pp.211-214.).
8. Pulankuruchchi Inscription (Avanam Vol. I, pp. 57-69)
9. Velvikudi Copper Plate Grant of Pandya Nedunjadaiyan (Epigraphia Indi¬ca, Vol. XVII, pp.291.).
10.Smaller Leiden grant of Kulottunga Chola I (Epigraphia Indica, Vol.XXII,No. pp. .).
Books For Reference:
Buhler, G. Indian Palaeography, Indological Book House, Delhi, 1968.
Pandey, R.B. Indian Palaeography, Motilal Barasidas, Benaras, 1952.
Dani, A.H. Indian Palaeography.
Mahalingam, T.V. Early South Indian Palaeography, University of Madras, Chennai, 1967, .
Sivaramamurthy, Indian Epigraphy and South Indian scripts.
Sircar, D.C. Select Inscriptions, Vols. I and II.
Burnell, A.C. Elements of South Indian Palaeography.
Mahalingam, T.V. Early South Indian Palaeography.
Subramanian, T.N. Pandait Tamil Eluttukkal (Tamil) South Indian Temple Inscriptions, Vol. III, pt 1.
Subramanian, T.N. South Indian Temple In¬scriptions, Vol. III, pt 1.
Mahadevan, Iravatham, Corpus of Tamil Brahmi Inscriptions in Seminar On Inscriptions, R.Nagasamy (ed.)
Kasinathan, Natana, Kalleluttukkalai (Tamil).
Shrinivas Ritti, A Decade of Epigraphical Studies in South India, Karnatak University, Dharward, 1985.
Gelb, I. J., A Study of writing, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963.
Mahadevan, I., Early Tamil Epigraphy, Cre-A, Chennai 2003
Govindaraj, R., Evolution of Script in Tamilnadu, Tamilnadu Archaeological Society Special Issue, No. 1, 1994)
HIS C
008 INDIAN NUMISMATICS C 3 1 0 4 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
The study deals with the origin and development of coinage and monetary system in ancient India upto the medieval times. It deals with the Early history and evolution of Coinage from the punch marked variety. It studies the development of coins issued by various dynasties and their historical importance. The coin issues of the Indo Greeks, Guptas, Satavahanas, Chola, Chera, Pandya and Vijayanagar rulers and the foreign issues are also studied.
UNIT 1: Sources - Importance of the study of Coins - Coins as a source - their study for the history of South India - Literary references to Coins. Orign, antiquity and development of coinage - literary reference - coinage as a science;
UNIT 2: Punch Marked coins - Chronology - distribution symbols their significance - Indo-Greek and Kushana coins - their impact and significance - Gupta coinage - various aspects.
UNIT 3: Coins of Sangam age - Punch marked coins - Satavahana Coins - Ikshavaku coins - Roman coins – Recent findings at Karur
UNIT 4: Coins of the - Pallavas - Cholas - Pandyas - Vijayanagaras - their historical values., Chinese Coins - their significance
UNIT 5: Documentation of Coins – Conservation and Preservation of Coins – Techniques in Coin Display
Books For Reference:
Parameshwarilal Gupta, Coins, National Book Trust, New Delhi, 1969.
D.R. Bhandarkar, Ancient Indian Numismatics
Chakraborti, S.K., A Study of Ancient Indian Numismatics, Bharatiya Publishing House, Varanasi, 1973.
Altekar,A.S., Corpus of Indian Coins - Vol. IV The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, The Numismatic Society of India, Varanasi, 1957.
Gardner,P., British Museum Catalogus of Greek and Scythic Kings of
India and Bacteria.
Vidya Prakash, South Indian Coins
Biddulph, C.H., Coins of the Cholas, The Numismatic Society of India, Varanasi, 1968.
Nagaswami, R., Tamils Coins- A Study, Institute of Epigraphy, Department of Archaeology, 1981. Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600.
Shankaranarayana, Vijayanagar Coins,
Sathyamurthy, S., Catalogue of Roman Coins,.
Sharma, I.K., Coinage of the Satavahana Empire, Delhi, 1980.
Ganesh, K and girijapathy, Karnataka Numismatic Studies, Bangalore, 1999.
Narasimha Murthy, A.V., Coins of Karnataka, Geetha Book House, Mysore,
HIS C
009 TOURISM IN INDIA C 3 1 0 4 P.D.Balaji
Course Objective
The scope, historical perspective, policies, and management of tourism in India. The course focuses on the study of archaeological monuments and their role in the promotion of cultural tourism. Various strategies to promote tourism to attract more visitors is also studied..
UNIT 1: Scope – Potential of tourism in India – Advantages – Historical Perspective – Tourism concept – Evolution of Tourism
UNIT 2: Tourism management – Personnel – Tourism laws – Elements – Trend –Policies, issues and strategies - Tourism impact assessment
UNIT 3: Cultural tourism –monuments in India: Religious and Secular – Tourist sites with special reference to South India – Special tourist Attraction - Cultural activities - festivals and ceremonies.
UNIT 4: Tours and travels – organisation of tours - Transport and accommodation – Administration –-Foreign exchange - laws relating to tourism
UNIT 5: Public relations – Information offices – Bulletins – Tourist Guides – tourist psychology -- Language and communication.
Books For Reference:
Bhatia, A.K., Tourism Development Principles and Practices
Bijender, K., Tourism Management: Problems and Prospects
Gupta, S. P. and Lal, K., Tourism Museums and Monuments in India
Sen, A.K., Tourism in India
Roy Bardhan, R.K., Tours and Travel Directory of India
Burkart, A. and Medliks, S., Tourism Past, Present and Future
Sinha, P.C. (ed)., International Encyclopedia of Tourism Management (12 volumes)
HIS C
010 ICONOGRAPHY C 3 1 0 4 A. Ekambaranathan
Course Objective
To understand the rich iconographic heritage of India. The contribution of Indian religions to iconographic development - To know more about the cultural traits of image - worshippers - iconism and its impact on society.
UNIT 1: Iconography - definition, scope - image worship in India - stages of development.
UNIT 2: Iconographic Terminology - Hastas, mudras and asanas - Iconometry - principles.
UNIT 3: Iconography of Siva: Different forms; Iconography of Visnu: Avatars, other forms; Brahma - forms.
UNIT 4: Goddesses and Minor deities - Durga, Mahisasuramardhini, Vinayaka, Lakshmi, Dikpalas and Navagrahas; Village deities.
UNIT 5: Buddhist Iconography: Buddha, Bhodisatva; Jaina Iconography- Tirtankaras, Yaksha and Yakshinis.
Books For Reference:
Gopinatha Rao, T.A., Elements of Hindu Iconography, Vols. 1 & 2 Madras, 1914, 1916 (reprint 1997)
Banerjea, J.N., Development of Hindu Iconography, Calcutta, 1985.
Gupte, R.S., Iconography of the Hindu, Buddhists and Jains.
Krishnasastri, H., South Indian image of Gods and Goddesses, Madras.
Barretts, Doughlas, Sculptures From Amaravathy in Bristish Museum, London, 1954.
Bhattacharya, B. Jain Iconography, New Delhi, 1939.
Ganguly, O.C., South Indian Bronzes, 1914.
HIS E
006 MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY E 2 1 0 3 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective:
In the last phase of 20th century the study of underwater archaeology gradually evolved. This Paper focuses on the origin and development of marine archaeology as a discipline in India; the under water archaeological explorations; principles and methods in marine archaeology; technology involved; different equipments; and major underwater excavations in India.
UNIT 1: Origin and growth of Marine Archeology – Early underwater archeological explorations
Mary Rose – Titanic – Pioneers in Marine Archeology – George Bass – S.R. Rao – Development of Marine archaeology in India – Research Institutes
UNIT 2: Principles and Methods in Marine Archeology – Explorations methods – Collection of
Data – Literature – Foreign Accounts – Epigraphy & Numismatics data
UNIT 3: Technology involved in marine archaeology – Coastal geomorphology – Sea Level
Fluctuations – Estuaries and their impact – the role of remote sensing in marine archaeology – Field study
UNIT 4: Equipments - diving equipments – ships used in diving – technical instruments deployed
in marine archeology – echo sounder – mariners campus – Positioning systems – GPS – Sextant – Mini Ranger – Side Scan Sonar – Sub bottom profiler – Magnetometer – Underwater camera – Underwater drawing equipments
UNIT 5: Underwater Excavations – Survey methods – Man power – Physical survey – Towed
search – Swim line search – Jackstay – Grid search – Circular search – Recording – Excavations – Airlift – Retrieval of the Antiquities – Preservation and conservation of underwater cultural material
Books For Reference:
Barker, Philip, Techniques of Archaeological Excavations, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1977
Bass, George, A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology, Thames and Hudson,
London, 1972
Dean, Martin, et.al.,(ed) Archaeology Underwater – The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice, Nautical
Archaeology Society, Archetype Publications Ltd., London
Rao, S.R., Progress and Prospects of Marine Archaeology in India, First Indian Conference of
Marine Archeology of Indian Ocean Countries, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 1987
Rao, S.R., Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries, National Institute of Oceanography,
Goa, 1988
Rao, S.R., Recent Advances in Marine Archaeology, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 1991
Rao. S.R., The Role of Universities and Research Instiutes in Marine Archealogy, National Institute
of Oceanography, Goa, 1994
Rao, S.R., An Integrated Approach to Marine Archaeology, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 1997
Taylor,
Joan du Plat, Marine Archaeology, Hutchinson and Co., London, 1965
HIS E
007 CULTURAL HISTORY OF TAMIL NADU UP TO A.D. 1565 E 2 1 0 3 A.Ekambaranathan
Course Objective
A detailed history of the Tamil country from the earliest times to the downfall of the Vijayanagara Empire. It covers the history of the Stone ages, and the proto and early historical periods. The developments in the Sangam age, the history of the kingdom of the Pallavas, and early Pandyas, Cholas, later Pandyas and Vijayanagara are dealt in this paper. The various cultural developments of the Tamil country are also highlighted.
UNIT 1: Sources – Pre and proto historic cultures – Social and Cultural life in the Sangam; Tinai concept - Roman trade- Buddhism and Jainism.
UNIT 2: Pre Pallava peiod - Satavahana relations -Pallava rule: Bhakti movement – revival of Saivism and Vaishnavism – impact of religious Philosophy - Trade and Commerce - Literature.
UNIT 3: Chola rule - Development of Politics - Urbanization and development of cities - Temples, Art and letters, coinage, Trade and Religion- Decline of the Chola rule
UNIT 4: Pandya Rule - Religion in South India - Art and Literature - Relations with Sri Lanka - invasion of Malik Kafur-Muslim influence- Trade and commerce.
UNIT 5: Vijayanagara rule in Tamil country - Establishment and expansion - migrations - Religion - Decline of the Vijayanagara Empire - Economy and society - art and letters.
Books For Reference:
Nilakantasastri, K.A., A History of South India
Minakshi, C., Administration and Social life under the Pallavas
Nilakantasastri, K.A., The Colas
Subramanian, N., Sangam Polity
Subramanian, N., History of Tamil Nadu
Pillai, K.K., Social History of the Tamils
Kanakasabhai, V., The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago
HIS E
008 EPIGRAPHICAL STUDIES IN INDIA E 2 1 0 3 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective
An introductory course on the development of inscriptions and scripts in India. Deals with the origin and development of scripts and inscriptions and its development in India from the earliest times to the medieval times. The study includes the methods of making the collections, and its use for historical interpretation.
UNIT 1: Scope of Epigraphical studies - importance for the historical and Economic study of South India
UNIT 2: Hisrory of the development of Epigraphical Studies - Early attempts of decipherment of scripts in India.
UNIT 3: Epigraphical collections - Method of collection - Agencies involved - Publications
UNIT 4: Development of Tamil Epigraphy - Brahmi, Kharaoshti and Tamil Brahmi scripts - Early inscriptions
UNIT 5: Epigraphical Research - Analysis – Digitization of epighapical data - statistical and other methods - recent works.
Books For Reference:
Buhler, G. Indian Palaeography, Indological Book House, Delhi, 1968.
Pandey, R.B. Indian Palaeography, Motilal Barasidas, Benaras, 1952.
Dani, A.H. Indian Palaeography.
Mahalingam, T.V. Early South Indian Palaeography, University of Madras, Chennai, 1967, .
Sivaramamurthy, Indian Epigraphy and South Indian scripts.
Sircar, D.C. Select Inscriptions, Vols. I and II.
Burnell, A.C. Elements of South Indian Palaeography.
Mahalingam, T.V. Early South Indian Palaeography.
Subramanian, T.N. Pandait Tamil Eluttukkal (Tamil) South Indian Temple Inscriptions, Vol. III, pt 1.
Subramanian, T.N. South Indian Temple In¬scriptions, Vol. III, pt 1.
Mahadevan, Iravatham, Corpus of Tamil Brahmi Inscriptions in Seminar On Inscriptions, R.Nagasamy (ed.), Books India Ltd.
Kasinathan, Natana, Kalvettukkalai (Tamil).
Shrinivas Ritti, A Decade of Epigraphical Studies in South India, Karnatak University, Dharward, 1985.
Gelb, I. J., A Study of writing, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963.
Mahadevan, I., Early Tamil Epigraphy, Cre-A, Chennai , 2003
HIS E
009 SOUTH INDIAN COINS S 2 1` 0 3 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
The study deals with the origin and development of coinage and monetary system in south India upto the medieval times. It deals with the Early history and evolution of Coinage from the Sangam age. It studies the development of coins issued by various dynasties and their historical importance. The coin issues of the Satavahanas, Chola, Chera, Pandya, Chalukya, Hoysala and Vijayanagar rulers and foreign issues are also studied.
UNIT 1: Scope of numismatics studies - Coins as a source - their importance for the history of South India - Epigraphical and Literary references to Coins.
UNIT 2: South Indian Coin studies - Early studies -Development - coin collection - private and Museum collections.
UNIT 3: Coins Symbols- Language - use of inscriptional materials - value - metal - coin manufacturing techniques- coin moulds - coin weights- legends and symbols
UNIT 4: Coins of the Tamil Country: Sangam age - Punch marked coins - Pallavas - Cholas - Roman, Chinese Coins - their significance Coins of the Pandyas - Vijayanagaras - their historical values
UNIT 5: Coins of the south India and Deccan : Satavahana Coins - Ikshvaku coins - Coins of the Chalukyas and Hoysalas -.
Books For Reference:
Sicar, D. C., Early Indian Numismatic and Epigraphical Studies, Indian Museum, Calcutta, 1977.
Ganesh, K and Girijapathy, The Coins of the Vijayanagara Empire, Bangalore, 1997.
Ganesh, K and Girijapathy, The Coins of the Hoysalas, Bangalore, 1997.
Narasimhamurthy, A.v., Coins and Currency System in Vijayanagara Empire, The Numismatic Society of India, Varanasi, 1991.
Radhakrishnan, P.V., Roman gold and silver Coins from India, Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, Nasik, 1999.
Ragini ramamohan, Coins of the Andhradesa, Tirupati, 1989.
Gupta, P.L., the Early Coins from Kerala, Department of Archaeology, government of Kerala, Trivandrum, 1989.
Kasinathan, Natana., Tamilar Kacu iyal (in Tamil ), International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai, 1995.
UOM S
003 SOFT SKILL * S 2 Campus level teaching
UOM I
001 INTERN SHIP** S 2 Will be decided by the Departmental Committee
HIS C
011 PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF ARCHAEOLOGY C 3 1 0 4 A.Ekambaranathan
Course Objective:
The course deals with the scope and value of archaeology and the different methods of archaeological investigations. The development of archaeology from antiquarianism to recent scientific investigations are highlighted. The principles and methods involved in exploration and excavation of ancient sites, systematic documentation of artifacts, methods of preserving excavated finds, dating methods, interpretation of cultural assemblages and preparation of reports for publication are dealt with elaborately.
UNIT 1: Definition - Scope and value of Archaeology - History of Archaeology – Antiquarianism – Development of Indian Archaeology
UNIT 2: Types of archaeology – Ethno archaeology, Biblical archaeology, Salavage archaeology; Useful sciences- Biological, Physical and Chemical sciences – other sciences.
UNIT 3: Methods of Exploration – Field survey, Topo maps, Trial digging; Excavation – Equipment and Staff; methods – planning, stratigraphy, collection of antiquities, documentation - Remote sensing, Underwater Archaeology
UNIT 4: New Archaeology, Under water Archaeology, Remote sensing,; Dating methods – relative and absolute methods.
UNIT 5: Documentation; conservation – physical and chemical; Preservation in museum; Publication of report – preparation of charts, drawings and photographs.
Books For Reference:
Atkinson, R.J.C., Field Archaeology, Methuen, London, 1953
Wheeler, R.E.M. Archaeology from the Earth, London, 1954.
Cultural Forum (pub), Hundred years of Indian Archaeology, New Delhi, 1961
Ekambaranathan, A. and Ponnusamy, R. Principles and methods of Archaeological Excacvation (in Tamil), Chennai, 1995.
Lenord Wooley, Digging up the past, London, 1954
Robert, H.Brill (ed), Science and Archaeology, London 1971
Raman, K.V., Principles and methods of Archaeology, 1986, Chennai
Sankalia, H.D., Indian Archaeology Today, Bombay,1962
Zeuner, F.E., Dating the Past, London, 1958.
Drewett. Peter L., Field Archaeology: An Introduction, University College London Press, London, 1999.
Kevin Greene, Archaeology: An Introduction, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1983.
Sourindranath Roy, The Story of Indian Archaeology 1784-1947, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1996.
Ancient India, Vols 1-22, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, (Relevent porttions).
HIS C
012 MUSEOLOGY C 3 1 0 4 P. D. Balaji
Course Objective
The paper provides a detail study of Museum keeping. It deals with the origin and development of Museum and various aspects such as types of museums, display system, documentation, various laws passed time to time to preserve the cultural properties and methods conservation and preservation of museum objects.
UNIT 1: Origin and development of Museum – types of museums: Central and State museums - Archaeological and special museums: Technological musuem, Children Museum
UNIT 2: Role of Museum in education –– Museum in Educational institutions - Research activities; Cutural activites; Musuem Guide, guide books etc.
UNIT 3: Museum administration and establishment: director and Curator; other staff; Documentation – Types of documentation – Digitized documentaion; registers and Index cards.
UNIT 4: Museum Architecture : Ventilation and lighting - other amenities - Display system – important principle in display – Composition – Light-Texture – Colour – Scale – Labelling .
UNIT 5: Preservation and conservation of organic and inorganic objects – various Methods of structural conservation – Legal aspects of conservation and Preservation of cultural properties
Books For Reference:
Banerjee , N.R., Museum and Cultural Heritage of India
Singh, A.P., Conservation and Museum Techniques
Agrawal, O.P., Care and Preservation of Museum Objects
Nigam, M.L., Fundamentals of Museology
Aiyappan and Satyamurty, Hand book of Museum Technique
Baxi and Dwivedi, Modern Museum
Grace Morley, Museum Today
HIS C
013 CULTURAL TOURISM IN INDIA C 3 1 0 4 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
The course deals with the relations between the culture and tourism. The cultural potentials and its prospects in conducting the tourism are dealt in this paper. Various cultural traits available in India, how these could be exploited for promoting the tourism will alsi be discussed
UNIT 1: Definition of culture – value of culture - cultural heritage of India – relation between
tourism and archaeology - Different cultural traits – Buddhism – Jainism – Savism –
Vaishnavism – Islam
UNIT 2: Salient features of the architecture Chaityas – Viharas – Important Temples styles –
Gupta – Kalinga – Pallava – Chola – Viyanagara
UNIT 3: Heritage monuments –their importance in tourism - Tajmahal – Mount Abu – Ajanta –
Ellora – Khajarahao temples - Hampi – Brahadesvarar Temple – Mahabalipuram their
importance as prime tourist centers – field study of the monuments
UNIT 4: Eco tourism – Environmental Tourism – Adventure Tourism – Tourism in the Pre and
Proto historic sites – Tourism in Roman sites – Tourism in early historic sites - Role of
unprotected monuments in promoting cultural tourism.
UNIT 5: Festivals of India – National festivals – Regional festivals – Local festivals – laws
pertaining to conservation and preservation of cultural properties
Books For Reference:
Vaikuntam, Y., Historical, Cultural Eco-Tourism in South India Emerging Trends, Hyderabad, 2004
Ravishankar Singh, Ecotourism and Sustinable Development, Delhi
Kaul, R.N., Dynamics of Tourism – Trilogy, New Delhi
Romila Chawla, Tourism and Development Series Tourism and Management, New Delhi
Moitiram, International Tourism – Socio Economic Perspectives, New Delhi
Jayasuriya, S.K.W. and Nehen, I.K., Economic Growth and Tourism
HIS C
014 EXCAVATION AND REPORT C 2 2 6 10 All Faculty
Course Objective
The course provides practical training in Excavation organised by the Department.
Excavation: Participation in the Department's excavation (about one month) and presentation of excavation report (about 60 pages).
HIS E
010 SCIENCE AND ARCHAEOLOGY E 2 1 0 3 P.Jayakumar
Course Objective:
This course is framed to enlighten students on the link between archaeology and other sciences. Various sciences involved in the archaeological investigations are highlighted in this paper. The advances made in the data retrieval due to the application of various scientific methods are discussed in this paper.
UNIT 1: Definition of ‘archaeology as a science’ – difference between archaeology and other
disciplines in humanity – relation between archaeology and anthropology - archaeology and physics - archaeology and chemistry - archaeology and botany - archaeology and zoology - archaeology and Geology
UNIT 2: Global Position System – its application in archaeology – GIS – Mapping - its application
in archaeological investigations
UNIT 3: Ariel Photography - Remote sensing in archaeology – origin and history in India –
Images – interpretations – its applications in archaeology
UNIT 4: Digital archaeology – computerization of archaeological data – excavation data –
epigraphical data – numismatic data – their interpretation - digitized photographic documentation – photo edition - its interpretation - retrieval of data – Soft ware
UNIT 5: Recent scientific advancements in conservation and preservation of cultural properties –
organic and inorganic objects – authenticating of archaeological objects
Books For Reference:
Bisht, A.S., Conservation Science, Akamkala Prakashan, Delhi, 2003
Mishra, Ashok, K., Ethno archaeometallurgy of Iron in India, Akamkala Prakashan, Delhi, 2003,
Dayalan, D, Computer Application in Indian Epigraphy, Bharatiya Kala prakasam, Delhi, 2003
Tripathi, Alok(Ed), Remote Sensing and Archaeology, Sundeep Prakasam, New Delhi,
Bisht, A.S., Scientific Aspect of Heritage Study, Sundeep Prakasam, New Delhi, 2004
Pa nt, P.C., Jayaswal, Vidula, Ancient Ceramics, Historical Enquiries and Scientific Approaches, Sundeep Prakasam, 1997
Murthy, K.L., Structural Conservation of Monuments in South India, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi,
Banerjee, N.R., Museum and Cultural Heritage of India, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi, 1989
Ghose, Arun, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi,
1989
Bisht, A.S., and et.al., Conservation of Cultural Property in India, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi,
2000
Singh, A.P., Conservation and Museum Techniques, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi, 1987
HIS E
011 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVATION E 2 1 0 3 P.D.Balaji
Course Objective
A study of Archaeological conservation of monuments and excavated materials. The reasons for the decay and the various methods of preservation of objects. The cultural importance of preserving the monuments and artefats for the future. Some of the laws and regulations of preservation and conservation and the various agencies involved and their functions are also highlighted. Different methods of display are also studied.
UNIT 1: Definition - Scope and purpose of Archaeological conservation – utility
UNIT 2: History of conservation - work of the conservation agencies laws of conservation of monuments - Conservation Laws - Heritage cities
UNIT 3: Conservation of monuments - Decay of monuments and reasons -techniques of conservation - soil, structural conservation - cleaning of monuments, Reconstruction of monuments
UNIT 4: Preservation of artefacts: Reasons for decay - Treatment of excavated objects - in the site and Musuem, Chemical cleaning and preservation - metals, teracotta, stone and other materials
UNIT 5: Display techniques - Museums and Exhibitions- out door museums and Exhibitions.
Books For Reference:
Atkinson, M.J. Physics and Arhcaology, Oxford, 1974
Baxi, S. J., and Dvivedi V.P. Modern Museum, 1973
Beck, C. W., Archaeological Chemistry, 1974
Busten Kari, W. Environment and Archaeology, 1971
Marshall, John., Conservation Manual, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1990.
Dowman, Elizabeth, A., Conservation in field Archaeology, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 1970
Plenderleight, H.J and Werner. The Conservation of Antiquities and works of art, 1974
Shanti Lal Nagar, Protection, Conservation and Preservation of Indian Monumnets, 1993
Sherrat, Andres, The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Archaeology, 1980.
Agarwal, O.P., Preservation of Art Objects and Library Materials, National Book Trust, New Delhi, 1993.
Agarwal, O.P. (ed.), Conservation in the Tropics, International Centre for Conservation, Rome, 1974.
HIS E
012 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN TAMIL NADU E 2 1 0 3 A.Ekambaranathan
Course Objective
To focus the importance of religious architecture in Tamil Nadu. To have a thorough understanding of the development of temple architecture commencing from the early centuries of the Christian era down to the medieval times with special emphasis on Pallava , Chola, Pandya and Vijayanagara Architecture.
UNIT 1: Sources: Early forms of temple architecture -Pre Pallava architecture.
UNIT 2: Pallava architecture - Cave and Structural architecture.
UNIT 3: Early Pandya architecture - cave and Structural Architecture - Muttaraiyar architecture.
UNIT 4: Chola architecture - Brihadisvara Temple, Darasuram, Gangaikonda Cholapuram; Later Pandya architecture.
UNIT 5: Vijayanagara architecture - development of Mandapa and Gopura architecture - Nayak architecture - Secular architecture - forts.
Books For Reference:
Srinivasan, K.R., Temples of South India, Publications Division, New Delhi, 1998
Srinivasan, K.R., Cave Temples of the Pallavas, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1998
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Early Cola Temples, Orient Longman, 1971.
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Middle Cola Temples, Thomson Press India Ltd., 1975.
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Later Cola Temples, Mudgala Trust, 1979.
Percy Brown, Indian Architecture.
Soundara Rajan, K.V., Cave Temples of Deccan, Delhi, 1991.
Sivarammurthi, C., Kalugumalai and Early Pandyan Shrines,
Nayak, H.M., and Gopal, B.R., (ed.) South Indian Studies, Geetha Book House, Mysore, 1990.
Sivaramamurthi, C., Indian Sculpture, Bombay, 1961
Vincent Smith, History of Fine Arts in India and Ceylon, Bombay, 1962
Miechael W.Meister, and Dhaky, M.A., Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple architecture, Vol.I & II. 1988.
HIS E
013 SOUTH INDIAN SCULPTURE E 2 1 0 3 J.Soundararajan
Course Objective
The course deals with the origin and development of sculptural art in South India from the early centuries of X’ian era down to medieval times. Various styles of sculptural art and their distinct features are studied with a chronological and historical back ground.
UNIT 1: Early Terracotta and other finds from archaeological excavations- introduction of stone
For sculpture – hero stones – patronage of ruling class – Satavahana sculptre
UNIT 2 : Pallava and Early Pandya and Athiyaman sculpture – their characteristic features – Early
Western Chalukya Sculptural art
UNIT 3 : Early – Middle – Later – Chola Sculptures – stylistical features
UNIT 4 : Hoysalas – Vijayanagara and Nayak sculptures – factors contributing to their proliferation
UNIT 5 : South Indian Bronzes – Origin and development – maturity under the Cholas
Books For Reference:
Srinivasan, K.R., Temples of South India, Publications Division, New Delhi, 1998
Srinivasan, K.R., Cave Temples of the Pallavas, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1998
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Early Cola Temples, Orient Longman, 1971.
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Middle Cola Temples, Thomson Press India Ltd., 1975.
Balasubramaniam, S.R., Later Cola Temples, Mudgala Trust, 1979.
Percy Brown, Indian Architecture.
Soundara Rajan, K.V., Cave Temples of Deccan, Delhi, 1991.
Nayak, H.M., and Gopal, B.R., (ed.) South Indian Studies, Geetha Book House, Mysore, 1990.
Sivaramamurthi, C., Indian Sculpture, Bombay, 1961
Vincent Smith, History of Fine Arts in India and Ceylon, Bombay, 1962
Miechael W.Meister, and Dhaky, M.A., Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple architecture, Vol.I & II. 1988.
UOM S
003 SOFT SKILL * S 2 Campus level teaching
MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY COURSE
ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
(Choice Based Credit System)
SYLLABUS (REVISED) FROM 2007-2008
ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION
A Master of Arts degree in Ancient History and Archaeology or History of the University of Madras or any other Post graduate degree in Ancient History, Indian Culture or Archaeology of a University, recognized by the University of Madras as equivalent thereto, provided that
a) those who have qualified for the Masters degree prior to 1st January 1991 must have secured a minimum of 50 percent of marks and b) those who have qualified for the Masters degree on or after 1st January 1991 must have secured a minimum of 55 percent of marks. For SC and ST candidates who have qualified on or after 1st January 1991 a concession of 5 percent of marks shall be given in the minimum eligibility marks.
MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY COURSE
CODE COURSE TITLE CORE/
ELECTIVE CREDITS COURSE FACULTY
L T P C
FIRST SEMESTER
HIS
C 001 Historiography and Historical Methods C 4 1 5 Dr. J Soundararajan
HIS
C 002 Development of Archaeological Studies in India C 4 1 5 Dr. P.D. Balaji
HIS
C 003 South Indian Epigraphy C 4 1 5 Dr. P.Jayakumar
HIS
C 004 Tourist Monuments of South India C 4 1 5 Dr. A.Ekambaranathan
SECOND SEMESTER
HIS
C 005 Dissertation and Vivavoce C - - - 21 Supervisor
COURSE CONTENTS
HIS
C 001 Historiography and Historical Methods C 4 1 0 5 Dr. J Soundararajan
Course Objective
An analytical study of the methods of collection of historical material and its interpretation. The development of History from the ancient times - It involves the critical evaluation of the source and methods of writing a thesis - Identification and interpretation of Archeological artifacts and a study of the recent developments are focussed in the study.
Unit: 1 Historiography - its development - Ancient Historiographers - Greek, India - Ancient works on Indian History.
Unit: 2 History writing - sources - authenticity - evaluation: Internal and External criticism - Recent trends and ideas on historical writing.
Unit: 3 Archaeology and History - excavation techniques - chronology - stratigraphy - relation to historical writing.
Unit: 4 Excavated materials - analysis of the artefacts - interpretation of the artefacts - new techniques - quantification.
Unit: 5 Preparation of thesis - analysis and collation of materials - footnotes and bibliography - use of tables, maps and appendices etc. - presentation
Reference books:
Bury, J.B., The Ancient Greek Historians
Seligman, Edwin R.A., The Economic Interpretaion of History.
Johnson, A., Historian and Historical Evidence.
Renier, Histoy, its purpose and Method.
Glyn Daniel, The Origin and Growth of Archaeology.
Peter L. Drewett, Field Archaeology, An Introduction.
Binford, S.R., and L.R. Binford, New Perspectives in Archaeology.
Parkes, P.A. Current Scientific Techniques in Archaeology.
Shanks, M., and C.Tilly, Social Theory and Archaeology.
S.Kadhirvel, Historical Methods.
Manickam, S., Theory of History and Method of Research.
Seikh Ali, B., History: Its theory and Method.
Sen, S.P., Historians and Historiagraphy in Modern India.
Gopal, S., Romila Thaper, Problems of Historical Writings in India.
Philips, C.H., (ed.) Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon.
Venugopalan, T.R., (ed.) History and Theory.
Romila Thaper, Intepreting Early India.
HIS
C 002 Development of Archaeological Studies in India C 4 1 0 5 Dr. P. D. Balaji
Course Objective
A detailed study of the growth of Archaeological studies in India. The early discoveries and establishment of the Archaeological Survey of India and its functions are dealt with. The nature of conservation and the antiquarian laws related to monuments are to be evaluated. The recent developments in the various branches of archaeological studies are given importance.
Unit: 1 Early attempts - Foreign and Indian studies - Early discoveries.
Unit: 2 Establishment of Archaeological Survey of India - functions - State and University departments of archaeology - their functions.
Unit: 3 Archaeological conservation -Antiquarian laws - implementation.
Unit: 4 Archaeological Museums - Central, State and private museums.
Unit: 5 Education and research - recent developments - archaeological evaluation
Reference books:
Sorindranath Roy, The Story of Indian Archaeology: 1784-1947.
Indian Archaeology : A Review, Publication of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Ancient India, Published by the Archaeological Survey of India, Relevant volumes.
Chakrabarti, D.K., A History of Indian Archaeology.
Shrimali, K.M. (ed.) Indian Archaeology since Independence.
Graham Clark, Sir Mortimer Wheeler and Indian Archaeology.
Sankaliya, H.D., Indian Archaeology Today.
HIS
C 003 South Indian Epigraphy C 4 1 0 5 Dr. P.Jayakumar
Course Objective
Detailed study of the origin and development of epigraphical studies in South India. The development of scripts in South India - An intensive study of various important inscriptions and the interpretation for historical purpose. The epigraphical publications and their value to the south Indian historical research are focussed. Recent research studies are analysed.
Unit: 1 Early work - Foreign and Indian - work of Epigraphy departments.
Unit: 2 Development of scripts - Asokan Brahmi, Tamil Brahmi, Grantha, Vatteluttu. Development of South Indian scripts.
Unit: 3 Early epigraphs - Inscriptions of South India - Important inscriptions from Tamil, Telugu, Kannanda and Malayalam languages.
Unit: 4 Epigraphical collection - publications - Central, State and individual publications.
Unit: 5 Epigraphical research - interpretation - recent developments - evaluation.
Reference books:
Subrahmanya Aiyer, K.V., Historical Sketches of Ancient Dekhan, 3 vols.
Ramesh, K.V., Indian Epigraphy.
Sivaramamurthy, Indian Epigraphy and South Indian Scripts.
South Indian Temple Inscriptions, 3 vols.
Sircar, D.C. Indian Epigaphy.
Mahalingam, T.V., Early South Indian Palaeography
Burnell, A.C. Elements of South Indian Palaeography.
HIS
C 004 Tourist Monuments of South India C 4 1 0 5 A. Ekambaranathan
Course Objective
This course is focused on the intense study of selective and important monuments including Pre and Proto historic sites, Early historic sites and Temple sites in South India. Various aspects such as antiquity, historicity, archaeological discoveries, art, architecture and other aspects of the monuments are dealt with.
UNIT 1: Study of selective of early Jaina caves – Anamalai – Tiruparankunram –
Sittannavasal - Kilakuilkudi
UNIT 2: Study of selective Buddhist Sites – Kaveripoompattinam – Amaravati-
Nagarjunakonda
UNIT 3: Study of selective Temple Sites – Mahabalipuram – Kailasanatha temple
at Kanchi - BrahadesvararTemple at Tanjore– Brahadesvarar Temple at
Gangaikonda cholapuram – Vettuvankoil at Kalugumalai
UNIT 4 : Hampi – Aihole – Badami- Pattakal - Belur – Halabaid – Somanathpur
Reference books:
Sivaramamurthi, C., Indian Sculpture, Bombay, 1961
Srinivasan, K.R., Temples of South India, New Delhi, 1998
Sivaramamurthy, C., Amaravthi Sculptures, Government Museum, Chennai, 1977.
Srinivasan, K.R., Cave Temples of the Pallavas, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi
Percy Brown, Indian Architecture
M.A. HISTORICAL STUDIES
(Choice Based Credit System)
COURSE CONTENTS (REVISED) FROM 2007-2008
Course Code Title of the Course C/E/S/ Credit
L T P C
Semester I
HIS C 101 Social and Cultural History of Tamil Nadu Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 102 Cultural Heritage of India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 103 Economic History of India 1526 – 1857 Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 104 Constitutional History of India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS E 101 History of Science and Technology in India 1858 – 1947 Elective 2 1 0 3
HIS E 102 History of Peasant Movements in Modern India Elective 2 1 0 3
UOM
S001 Soft Skill* S 2
Semester II
HIS C 105 Social and Religious Movements in Modern India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 106 Freedom Movement in India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 107 Economic History of Indian 1858 – 1947 Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 108 History of Labour Movements in India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS E 103 Tourism Principles and Practices Elective 2 1 0 3
HIS E 104 Environmental History Elective 2 1 0 3
UOM
S002 Soft Skill* S 2
Semester III
HIS C 109 History of World Civilizations (Excluding India) Ancient Period Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 110 Intellectual History of Modern India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 111 Historiography and Methodology Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 112 Studies in Human Rights Core 3 1 0 4
HIS E 105 Women in India through the Ages Elective 2 1 0 3
UOM S003 Soft Skill* S 2
UOM I001 Internship** S 2
Semester IV
HIS C 113 History of World Civilizations (Excluding India) Medieval and Modern Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 114 Contemporary History of India Core 3 1 0 4
HIS C 115 India and Her Neighbours Core 3 1 0 4
HIS E 106 Development of Science and Technology in India since 1947 Elective 2 1 0 3
HIS E 107 Archives Keeping E 2 1 0 3
UOM
S004 Soft Skill* S 2
* Exact Title will be decided at the Campus level
* * Exact Title will be decided at the Campus level
COURSE CONTENTS
HIS C 101 : SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF TAMILNADU
Sangam Age and Post Sangam Age: Socail Institutions -Customs and Practices -Economic Life -Trade -Religion -Literature –Arts - Age of the Pallavas: Society -Economic Life -Religion- Bhakti Movemnt- Literature and Education –Arts - Age of the Cholas: Society -Economic Life -Religion -Role of the Temple- Literature and Education –Arts - Age of the Pandyas: Society -Economic Life -Religion -Foreign Accounts Literature – Arts - Tamilagam under Vijayanagar and Nayak Rule: Society -Economic Life - Religion - Literature – Arts and Fine Arts – Modern Tamilagam 18th to 20th Centuries – Social Reform Movements – Tamil Ranaissance – Growth of Modern Tamil Literature.
HIS C 102: CULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA
Ancient Indian Culture - Harappan and Vedic Social and Cultural Patterns - Religious Ferment in the 6th Century B.C. - Jainism and Buddhism - Repolarisation of Society - Cultural Development in the Era of the Mauryas - The Kushans and their patronage to Buddhism and Culture - The Guptas and the Cultural efflorescence - The Rise and Growth of Islamic culture under the Delhi Sultans and the Mughals -Its impact on Hindu culture - The British Rule -Western Education - Westernisation of Society and Culture -Art, Architecture, Music and Dance under British rule.
HIS C 103: ECONOMIC HISTORY OF INDIA, A.D. 1526 -A.D. 1857
Indian Economy on the Advent of the Mughals -Trade under the Mughals- Land Tenure and Revenue settlements under Mughals -Jagirdari, Zamindari, Khalsa, Land Revenue System under Sher Shah - Agriculture -P.olicy and Development - Mughals and British rule - Industries -Policy and Development - Village, Small Scale and Large Scale Industries in Modern India - Trade and Commerce under the Mughals -Vijayanagar – Marathas - Transport and Communication -Development -Roadways - Waterways -Railways.
HIS C 104: CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF INDIA A.D.
Introduction – The Government of India Act of 1858 – Queen Victoria’s Proclamation – The Indian Councils Acts, 1861 and 1892 - The Rise of Extremist Nationalism and its impact on Constitutional Development – Minto – Morley Reforms – The Indian Councils Act, 1909 Montague and Chelmsford Reforms Proposals and the Government of India Act, 1919 and Dyarchy in the Provinces - Government of India Act of 1935 – Federal System and Provincial Autonomy - Cabinet Mission Proposals – Mountbatten Proposals – The Indian Independence Act of 1947 – The Constituent Assembly – Constitution of India, 1950 – Salient Features - Landmark Constitutional Amendments – 24th and 25th Amendments and Fundamental Rights – 39th Amendment – Election of President, Vice President, Prime Minister and Speaker beyond Judicial Scrutiny – 42nd Amendment – Changes to Preamble, Inclusion of Fundamental Duties - Far reaching changes in the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary – 44th Amendment, Nullification of most of the Provisions of the 42nd Amendment – 52nd Amendment, Anti Defection Law – 61st Amendments – Lower Voting Age – 72nd and 73rd Amendments - Panchayat and Nagar Palika Acts.
HIS E 101: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA 1858 – 1947
Introduction – Scientific Tradition in India – Introduction of Modern Sciences by the Europeans – Asiatic Society of Bengal Zoological Survey of India – Botanical Survey – Geographical Survey – Trigonometrical Survey – Development of Metorological and Astronomical Sciences – Learned Instituted for Development of Science – Indiansociation for the Cultivation Science – Indian Science Congress Association – Institution of Engineers – National Academy of Sciences – Indian National Science Academy – Medical Education and Research – Technical Education and Research – Agricultural Education and Research – Veterinary Science – Agriculture and Irrigation – Food Crops – commercial Crops – Plantation Crops – Engineering and Industry – Cottage Industry – Rural & Urban Arts and Crafts – Transport and Communication – Roads and Bridges – Harbours – Ports and Lighthouses – Waterways – Great Scientists – s. Ramanujam, J.C. Bose – C.V. Raman – role of Universities and Scientific Institutions.
HIS E 102: HISTORY OF PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN MODERN INDIA
Introduction - Agricultural Condition and Agrarian Structure during the British Period - Peasant Struggles in Kerala and Land reforms since 1900 - Peasant Unions - The Indian National Congress and the Peasants – Gandhi and Peasant Struggles -Champran, Bardoli and Oudh - Formation of Kisan Sabhas -Left Parties -Peasant Struggles on the eve of Independence, Tebhaga Movement in Bengal (1946 -47) –Telengana Peasant outbreak (1946 -51) and the Varlis revolt in Western India -Peasant Organisations in Tamilnadu -Tamilaga Vivasayigal Sangam -Peasant Movement in Vedasendur -Welfare Measures for Peasants
HIS C 105: SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN MODERN INDIA
Introduction: Social and Religious Conditions during the 18th Century – Christian Missionary Activities – Muslim Reformist Movements – Aligarh Movement – Ahamadiya Movement – The 19th Century Renaissance – Social and Cultural Reawakening Hindu Reform and Revivalist Movements – Brahma Samaj – Arya Samaj – Prarthana Samaj – Ramakrishna Mission – Theosophical Movement - Regeneration of Indian Women – Social injustice against women (female infanticide, child marriage dowry system, Sati etc.) – Women’s Education – Rise of Women’s Organisation – Social Legislation for Women’s Progress – Women Liberation Movement – Muthulakshmi Reddy – Social change in Contemporary India – The Depressed Classes Movement Dr. Ambedhkar – Veerasalinga Panthulu – E.V. Ramaswamy.
HIS C 106: FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA
Introduction – Early uprising against the British Rule before 1857 – The Revolt of 1857 – Factors leading to the Emergence of Indian Nationalism – Founding of the Indian National Congress – Moderate Nationalism 1885 to 1905 – Growth of Extremism – Partition of Bengal 1905 – Swadeshi and Boycott Movements – Congress Split, 1907 – Government Response – Minto Morley Reforms – Revolutionary Trends at home and abroad for India’s Freedom Home Rule Movement – Lucknow Pact, 1916 – Impact of the I World War – Rowlatt Act and Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre – Montagu – Chelmsford Reforms Gandian Era – Non-Cooperation Movement – Khilafat Movement – Swarajist Party – Simon Commission – Lahour Congress – Civil Disobedience Movement – round Table Conference – Government of India Act, 1935 – Impact of World War II – Sybash Chandra Bose and the INA – Jinna and Muslim Separation – August Offer – Cripps Mission – Quit India Movement – Cabinet Mission – Mountbatten Plan – Partition and Independence, 1947.
HIS C 107: ECONOMIC HISTORY OF INDIA 1858 – 1947
Indian Economy on the eve of the British Rule -Trade under the East India Company and the Economic Drain from India -Land Tenure and Revenue Settlements under British Rule - Agriculture -Policy and Development -Commercialisation of Agriculture - Irrigation - Famine and Famine Administration -Peasants Conditions - Industries -Policy and Development -Indigenous and Major Industries - Cotton, Textile, Jute, Iron and Steel, Sugar and Chemical- Labour problems and Labour Legislation - Transport and Communication -Policy and Development -Roadways - Railways -Waterways -Communication Modernisation and Development - Post and Telegraph -Telephones and Radio - Trade and Commerce -Internal Trade -External Trade -Principal Trade Centres in India -Trade Organisations.
HIS C 108: HISTORY OF LABOUR MOVEMENTS IN INDIA
Introduction - British Labour Movements and their impact on Indian Labour - Russian Revolution and its impact on Indian Labour - Trade Union Movement from 1875 - 1920 - Establishment of All India Trade Union Movement in 1920 - Growth of Trade Union Movement from 1920 -1947 -The role of the Indian National Congress and Trade Union Movement Expansion –Labour Involvement in Freedom Struggle - Federations of Labour Unions - AITUC - INTUC - HMS - UTUC – Labour Laws - I.L.O. – Labour Welfare Measures in Independent India - Trade Unionism and its effect on the Indian Economy.
HIS E 103: TOURISM PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
Tourism – Definition, Need and Scope – Origin and Growth – Kinds of Tourism – Cultural, Pilgrimage, etc., - Tourism and Culture – People’s instinct for travel – Tourism
as an economic activity – Tourism as a Merchandise – Domestic and International Tourism – Employment Potential – Tourism Centres in India - Tourism Infrastructure – Accommodation – Hotels and Motels – Transport – Role of Travel Agencies – Ticketing - Tourism Administration and Organisation – Government Departments and Non Government Agencies – Indian Tourism Development Corporation - Tourism Industry in Tamilnadu – Tourist Centres in Tamilnadu – Tamilnadu Tourism Development Corporation – Objectives and Functions.
HIS E 104: ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
Definition – Scope – Eco-system – Bondage between human civilization and Ecology, Natures Balance, Preservation – Environment and Culture – Conservation – Green House Effect – Global warming – Ozone – Bio-diversity – Environment in the Indian Cultural Tradition – Colonial environment policy: Forest Management – Resistance to Forest Management: Kumaun and Garhwar’s region – the Utar and Forest Movements of 1921 – Social Protest in U.P., 1921-42 – Impact on Nationalism – Forest Satyagraha – Karnataka - Environmental threats: Water Pollution – Air Pollution – Land Degradation – Hazardous Wastes – Industrial Pollution – Environmental Movements – Chipko Movement - Protest against Narmada Project – Protective Measures – Govt. Legislations – Courts - Activist – Babha Amte – Metha Patkar.
HIS C 109: HISTORY OF WORLD CIVILIZATIONS (EXCLUDING INDIA) ANCIENT PERIOD
Introduction -Definition of Civilization -Comparison between Culture and Civilization -Origin and Growth of Civilizations -Pre-historic Culture - Paleolithic and Neolithic Culture - River Valley Civilizations -Egyptian Civilization -Mesopotomian Civilization -Sumerican, Babylonian, Assyrian and Chaldean Cultures - Persian Civilization -Hebrew Civilization - Chinese Civilization -Japanese Civilization -Maya, Aztec and Inca Civilizations.
HIS C 110: INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA
Introduction - Definition of Intellectual History - Political Thinkers - The Liberals: M.G.Ranade – S.N.Banerjee - Revolutionary Thinkers – Tilak – Lajpat Rai – B.C. Pal – Mahatma Gandhi – Jawaharlal Nehru - Social Thought: Iswarchandra Vidyasagar – B.R.Ambedkar – E.V.R. Periyar – Vinoba Bhave – Jayaprakash Narayan - Socialist and Communist Thought: M.N.Roy – Ram Manohar - Lohia – S.A.Dange - Literateurs: Rabindranath Tagore – Subramania Bharathi – Thiru. Vi. Ka. - Sarojini Naidu – Bharathidasan.
HIS C 111 HISTORIOGRAPHY AND METHODOLOGY
Definition and Meaning - Nature and Scope - Value of History - Branches of History - (Political, Economic, Social and Cultural) History and other Social Sciences -Role of Allied Subjects in the study of History - Structure and Form of History - History as Science or Art -Philosophy of History - Trends in Historiography -Ancient, Medieval and Modern -Recent Trends - Subaltern Studies and Annales School - Research Methodology - Selection of Topic - Hypothesis - Collection of Data - Classification of Sources - Historical Criticism - Objectivity in Writing History -Synthesis and Interpretation - Exposition - Foot Note – Bibliography.
HIS C 112: STUDIES IN HUMAN RIGHTS
Definition of Human Rights – Nature, Content, Legitimacy and Priority – Theories on Human Rights – Historical Development of Human Rights International Human Rights – Prescription and Enforcement upto World War II 0 Human Rights and the U.N.O. – Universal Declaration of Human Rights – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Optional Protocol –other U,.N. Human Rights Declarations – U.N. Human Rights Declaration – U.N Human Rights Commission. Amnesty International – Human Rights and Helsinki Process – Regional Developments – European Human Rights system – African Human Rights System – International Human Rights in Domestic Courts. Contemporary issues on Human Rights: Children’s Rights – Women’s Rights – Bonded Labour and Wages – Refugees – Capital Punishment. Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution – Directive Principles of State Policy – fundamental Duties – National Human Rights Commission.
HIS E 105: WOMEN IN INDIA THROUGH THE AGES
Women in Ancient India – Vedic – Jainism and Buddhism – Women in Middle Ages – Impact of Islam on Indian women – Women in British India – Western Education and Ideals – Social and Religious Reform Movements of 19th Century – Women in National Movement – Women in Post-Independence Era – women’s Organisations – women’s Liberation Movement – Women in Profession and Public life.
HIS C 113: HISTORY OF WORLD CIVILIZATIONS (EXCLUDING INDIA) MEDIEVAL AND MODERN
Middle Ages: Rise and spread of Christianity -The Papay -Byzantine Civilization -Rise and Spread of Islam -Saracenic Civilization - Feudalism -Origin -Merits and Demerits -Crusades -Causes and Results - Monastic Orders of Medieval Europe -Growth of Medieval Cities -Progress of Education and Rise of Universities - Transition to Modem Age -Renaissance -Causes -Renaissance in Italy- Results of Renaissance -Geographical Discoveries of 15th and 16th centuries -Causes, Course and Results -Reformation in Germany, France and Switzerland -Counter Reformation - French Revolution and its Impact -Romanticism -Industrial and Agrarian Revolutions -Causes, Course and Results - Nationalism Vs Internationalism -League of Nations -United Nations Organization -Science, Philosophy, Art & Literature during the Contemporary World
HIS C 114: CONTEMPORARY HISTORY OF INDIA
Process of National Consolidation – Integration of Native States – Making of the Constitution – Indian Republic and the Parliamentary Democracy – Linguistic Reorganization of States, 1956 – Nehru Era, 1947-64 – Democratic Socialism – Foreign Policy – Post Nehru Era – Shastri Years (1964-66) – India under Indira Gandhi – Advent of Janata Government – India under Rajiv Gandhi – Political Realignments and Emergence of National Front Government – India in World Affairs – Secularism and Communal Polarization – Mandal Commission Report – Dalit Movement – Politisation of Religion – Regional Politics – five Year Plans and Economic Development – Liberalisation – Privatisation & Globalisation – Population Growth, ecology and Environment issues – Growth of Science and Technology – Educational and Cultural Progress.
HIS C 115: INDIA AND HER NEIGHBOUR
India’s Foreign Policy since Independence from Nehru to Rajiv Gandhi – Regional Organizations for peace and mutual cooperation – NAM and SAARC – India and Pakistan – Kashmir issue – Areas of Conflict, Crisis and Cooperation – Indo-Pakistan Wars – Birth of Bangladesh – Indo-Bangladesh Relations – India and China – Tibetan issue – China’s invasion of Tibet – Strains in Sino-Indian Relations – Normalisation Process – India’s Relations with the Himalayan Kingdoms, Nepal and Bhutan – India’s Relations with Burma – India and Indian Ocean Countries – Indo-Sri Lankan Relations – Tamil Ethnic Problem – India’s Intervention – Indian Peace Keeping Force – India and Maldives.
HIS E 106: DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA SINCE 1947
Introduction - A Survey of the Development of Science and Technology under the British Rule - Government of India's Science and Technology Policy since 1950 - Department of Science and Technology - Research and Development Programme - Science and Technology programmes for Socio-Economic Development - Development of Agricultural Science - Research and Education - Agricultural Engineering and Technology - Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Crop Science and Horticulture - Animal Science and Veterinary colleges - Biotechnology Development - Crop and Animal Bio-technology - Development of Space Science - Development of Satellite Systems- INST AT System - Electronic Developments and Production - Information Technology – I. T. Act 2000 - Telecommunication - Software Technology Parks -I. T for the Masses - Higher Technology Development - Atomic Science - Atom for Peace - Atomic Energy and Nuclear Power Programme - Atom for War and Pokhran I & II - Oceanography - Ocean Development - Marine Living Resources and Non - living Resources - Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology - Polar Science and Antartic Expeditions - Institute Connected with Ocean Research.
HIS E 107: ARCHIVES KEEPING
History of Archives -Archives keeping in Europe -Archives keeping in India -Importance of Archives - Creation of Archives -Materials used for the creation of Archives -Packing Materials and Seals -Establishment of Registry -Filing system of Records - Preservation of Archive Materials in India and European Countries - Methods of Preservation -Laminations -Reprography -Automation- Retrieval Tools - Functions -Uses of Archives -Rules and Regulations - Archival Organisations - National Archives of India -Tamilnadu Archives- Private Archives - International Council of Archives -Indian Historical Records Commission (IHRC) -The Historical Manuscripts Commission.
M.Phill. HISTORICAL STUDIES
(Choice Based Credit System)
COURSE CONTENTS (REVISED) FROM 2007-2008
Course Code Title of the Course C/E/S/ Credit
L T P C
Semester I
HIS C 101 Historiography and Historical Methods Core 4 1 0 5
HIS C 102 Economic History of Modern India Core 4 1 0 5
HIS E 101 Constitutional History of India 1858 – 1950 Elective 4 1 0 5
HIS E 102 Social and Cultural History of Modern Tamil Nadu 1800 - 1976 Elective 4 1 0 5
Semester II
HIS C 103 Dissertation and Viva-Voce C 21
COURSE CONTENTS:
HIS C 101: HISTORIOGRAPHY AND HISTORICAL METHODS
Historicism and Modern Historiography – Enlightenment Historiography – Romanticist Historiography – Positivist Historiography – Marxist Interpretation of History – The Annals School – The American Historiography – Subaltern Studies – The Oral History – South Indian Historiography – S. Krishnaswamy Iyengar – K.M. Panikkar – Nilakanta Sastri – Sathianathaier – North Indian Historiography – J. N. Sarkar – R. C. Majumdar – Nationalist Historians – Historical Research – Choosing a Topic for Research - Hypothesis – Historical Method – Thesis writing – Bibliography – Primary sources and secondary sources.
HIS C102: ECONOMIC HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA
Establishment pf British Rule – State of Indian Economy prior to the Establishment of the British rule – Land Tenure Systems: Jagirdari, Zamindari, Ryotwari – Khalsa Land – Land Revenue Settlements in Bengal, Bombay and Madras Presidencies – Agriculture: A Survey – Agricultural Policy – Commercialisation of Indian Agriculture – Irrigation Development – Famines and Famine Administration – Industries: Rise of Modern industries – Evolution of an industrial policy – small scale industries – Transport and communication Development in India – Growth of Trade and Commerce.
HIS E 101: CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF INDIA 1858 – 1950
Constitutional Development under the Crown’s Rule – the Act of 1858 – The Indian council’s Acts, 1861 and1892 – Indian National Movement and Constitutional Development – Minto-Morley Reform Proposals and the Indian council’s Act, 1909 – Montagu Chelmsford Reforms and the Government of India Act of 1919 – Diarchy in the Province – Demands of the Indian National Congress and Constitutional Developments – the Government of India Act of 1935 – Scheme for Federal Set-up – Dyarchy at the Centre – The Indian Independence Act, 1947 – The Republican Constitution of India, 1950 – Its salient features – The President – The Parliament – The Judiciary – Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy – State Governments.
HIS E 103: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF
MODERN TAMILNADU 1800 - 1976
Political, Economic and Social conditions of Tamil Nadu by the end of 18th century – Social condition – Caste system and position of women – Social Reform Movements – Self Respect Movement – Backward Class Movement – Depressed classes Movement – Social Legislation – Economic condition – Land Revenue System – Peasant condition – Industries and Labour – Education – Introduction of Western Education – Christian Missionary Endeavour – primary, Secondary and Higher Education growth – Professional and Technical Education Development of Science and Technology – Women’s Education – Education of the Depressed Classes – Education and Culture - Development of Tamil Language and Literature – Tamil Renaissance Development of Fine Arts – Music – The Tamil Icai Movement – Dance.
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